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Term Paper
Introduction
Evolution is one core argument associated with the overall development of human beings in this universe. It is interesting to critically examine different dimensions of this prospect to make better inferences about the entire process of progression. It is noteworthy to indicate that the biological processes are closely linked with the approach of evolution that requires the necessary attention. The controversy of evolution is recognized as a never-ending domain that is associated with aspects of rationality and superstition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F6XkMC3y","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McCain & Kampourakis, 2018)","plainCitation":"(McCain & Kampourakis, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1510,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/R6X6YMBD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/R6X6YMBD"],"itemData":{"id":1510,"type":"article-journal","title":"Which question do polls about evolution and belief really ask, and why does it matter?","container-title":"Public Understanding of Science","page":"2-10","volume":"27","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"McCain","given":"Kevin"},{"family":"Kampourakis","given":"Kostas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McCain & Kampourakis, 2018). This paper mainly focuses on critically analyze the argument established by Coyne in his book, “Why Evolution is True.”
Discussion
What is Evolution?
In the first step of the analysis, it is important to formulate a better understanding of the central idea of evolution. It is established by the author that the contemporary form of evolution is easy to hold the entire perspective of evolution. It is argued that life on earth is steadily developing, and this approach is started with the domain of original species. The prospect of a self-replicating molecule, eventually throwing off many new and different species that play an important role in the overall development process ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lNCYGyFP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Dobzhansky, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Dobzhansky, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1511,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/476NMCSM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/476NMCSM"],"itemData":{"id":1511,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution","container-title":"The american biology teacher","page":"87-92","volume":"75","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Dobzhansky","given":"Theodosius"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Dobzhansky, 2013). The entire global mechanism made the evolutionary process as the natural phenomenon of change that can never be negated. Consideration of six main dimensions of evolution is essential to understand the idea of evolution better. These elements are recognized as evolution, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms. It is worthy of mentioning that all these factors play a pivotal role in the case of evolutionary change.
Written in the Rocks
In this section, the concept of fossils is comprehensively illustrated by the author. It is established that the development of fossils is one straightforward approach concerning the particular domain of conditions. It is argued that the remains of an animal or plant must explore their domain into the water and eventually covered by the deposit. The development of fossils can never be completely recorded due to incomplete discovery of different vestige classes. Additionally, it is also established by the author that humans have enough exploration of different fossils that can be helpful to make better inferences about the procedure of evolution. The entire record of fossils never indicated that all classes abruptly appeared on earth and linked with the paradigm of the entire evolutionary arrangement. The argument about evolution is presented in the form that the practice of natural selection is only possible by altering the existing domain. Production of entirely new characteristics is not possible considering architect designs. The theoretical grounds of Darwinism favored the idea that modification of new species is possible through the help of traditional platforms.
Remnants: Vestiges, Embryos, and Bad Design
The idea of evolutionary history can never be considered complete without the proper understanding of elements of vestiges, embryos, and design. The approach of vestiges is defined as the factor of a species that was obtained from the descendants. The core idea related to this approach is that the usefulness of these elements has completely vanished for the new reflexes. These elements characterized as vestiges because they no longer able to successfully perform functions of evolution. Atavism is another fundamental idea relevant to the spectrum of evolution. There is a possibility of development in the form of the reappearance of an inherited trait. The approach of dead genes is also comprehensively illustrated by the author to describe the reality of evolution. There is consideration of many species that can be ranked as dead genes. They are established as dead genes because these genes were once established as useful but no longer able to interact with the environment. Moreover, it is also argued that the concept of perfect design of evolution is not reality of this world. This specific argument is presented as the application of perfect design as the symbol of a skilled designer. According to the author, bad design is the representation of the overall evolution process.
The Geography of Life
The process of evolution can never be considered complete without focusing on the evolution around the globe. The biogeographical aspects also played a critical role in determining better forms of evolution in the context of the existence of evolution. The process of evolution is ranked as a significant perspective to recognized different patterns that are the outcomes of convergent evolution. The broad idea of convergent evolution is associated with three main aspects of common ancestry, speciation, and natural selection. The theoretical approach of biogeography is helpful in understanding better the overall diversity of human life in the contexts of different continents and geographical regions located in various parts of this world. This specific perspective is also viable to recognize the proper distribution of life in the forms of life chances and legality.
The Engine of Evolution
It is imperative to identify all the factors or natural aspects that caused the prospect of evolution as the one central truth of this world. It is argued that the idea of selection is not the method that is applied to the population externally. The facet of natural selection is better characterized as the systematic procedure that defines the adaptation of genes in better practical forms. There are three central ideas closely linked with the practical implications of natural selection. The first and important prospect is that the original population needs to be variable considering the requirements of changing conditions. Secondly, some form of variation always comes up from the approach of alterations in genes. Genetic variation is another critical aspect associated with the overall idea of natural selection. Randomness and lawfulness are two major aspects relevant to the approach of evolution that appeared due to the selection.
How Sex Drives Evolution
The procedure of overall evolution can also never be separated from the perspective of sex. It is important to identify how the spectrum of evolution differently prevails in the case of males and females due to their gender differences. The difference between male and female traits is mandatory to approach to understand the idea of evolution better. The difference of traits on the basis of male and female species is mainly recognized as tails and colors. These domains are recognized with the name of sexual dimorphisms. It is argued that the currency of selection can never be attained in the form of survival, but the paradigm of successful reproduction ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"j6VEIPat","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Coyne, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Coyne, 2010)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1509,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/E6BTQKYY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/7Hi3kAOD/items/E6BTQKYY"],"itemData":{"id":1509,"type":"book","title":"Why Evolution is True","publisher":"Oxford University Press","URL":"https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=dPh0DgAAQBAJ","ISBN":"978-0-19-923085-3","author":[{"family":"Coyne","given":"J. A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Coyne, 2010). The practical idea of sexual evolution can be witnessed in two distinctive forms. The first aspect of consideration can be observed in the form of direct competition between males to access species of females. The other aspect of consideration is the females’ approach to choose among possible partners.
The Origin of Species
Exploration of backgrounds of different species is essential to examine the actual reality of the evolution process critically. It is important to utilize different clusters of organisms that can reproduce sexually. These distinctive clusters are identified as the broad approach of species. The idea of recognition of species plays an important role in determining the role of different clusters. Different species are also characterized as important members of the evolutionary community. This means that biological species or classes are important domains of the overall evolution procedure. The author of this book developed this argument that historical reconstruction is only a successful way to create different testable predictions. The way of discovering different species eventually helps to recognize the entire process of evolution.
What About Us?
Identification of the active role of human beings in the entire procedure of evolution is also significant to make better inferences about the entire idea of development with time. The features of fossils and DNA sequences were used to determine human beings' position in the entire scenario of evolution. It is argued that human beings are apes inclined from other relevant apes, and chimpanzees are characterized as the closest form of apes. The evolution in the case of human beings appeared in the case of divergence from the ancestors mainly characterized in the form of chimps. It is also critical to indicate that the consistent changes are also relevant to the alterations in the overall climate and external environment.
Evolution Redux
The argument of evolution is established by researcher considering diverse factors of the fossil record, biogeography, embryology, vestigial structures, imperfect design. These aspects are recognized in the forms of different and critical evolutionary mechanisms. It is also essential to mention that the reality of controversy in the case of the evolution process can never be completely ignored. The active existence of different controversies is effective in exploring different crucial aspects and realities of this specific research field.
Conclusion
To conclude the critical discussion on the truthfulness of evolution, it is important to consider all the different associated aspects. The existence of controversy in this context is helpful in exploring better forms of reality. The absence of a controversial argument eventually restricts the domain of research development. The existence of change in the environment can be ignored as these alterations eventually influence the overall expressions of the genes.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Coyne, J. A. (2010). Why Evolution is True. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=dPh0DgAAQBAJ
Dobzhansky, T. (2013). Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The American Biology Teacher, 75(2), 87–92.
McCain, K., & Kampourakis, K. (2018). Which question do polls about evolution and belief really ask, and why does it matter? Public Understanding of Science, 27(1), 2–10.
