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Chapter four and five: There are different opinions about the rise and fall of apartheid in South Africa. There is not much literature available which talk about refutations attached to apartheid. Chapter four of the book explores the reasons for growing contradictions. The writer argues that nationalists in South Africa remained to fail in tailoring the apartheid laws according to the need of those times. These laws remained counterproductive for the nationalist politicians. The domestic condition of that time suggests that learned people from that time believed that they represent the privileged class ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GIJStWCv","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Clark and Worger)","plainCitation":"(Clark and Worger)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1488,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/D5K5PY2Y"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/D5K5PY2Y"],"itemData":{"id":1488,"type":"book","title":"South Africa: The rise and fall of apartheid","publisher":"Routledge","source":"Google Scholar","title-short":"South Africa","author":[{"family":"Clark","given":"Nancy L."},{"family":"Worger","given":"William H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Clark and Worger). Different from their views about society, the societal values were valuable. In such desperate circumstances, the South African nation did what it was feasible like standing against the regime. It was the use of brute force. This was actually the collapse of the apartheid system. This collapse resulted in the formation of a radicalized society. These people were more radical about getting their rights, which left no other option except for the use of force by the South African government. This was actually the pressure to force the population to accept apartheid.

The authors have just not limited their debate to the reasons for the rising and fall of apartheid. They have argued about its collapse also. For them, the rigid separation of the people of Sout Africa was the primary cause of the failure of apartheid. They have observed many reasons for this collapse. The cosmetic changes, which were projected as bringing change to the life of people remained to fail in doing that. Resultantly, the social end product was destructive. The constitutional dispensation also remained relevant to such developments. In such situations, there was no other option with the government, just to create a high-level commission which will ensure the implementation of their designed agendas. Welsh has shared the same opinion that establishment of such commissions, along with the constitutional changes influenced the development of circumstances which largely annoyed the masses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UrcbYIOQ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Welsh)","plainCitation":"(Welsh)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1490,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/QPR25B63"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/QPR25B63"],"itemData":{"id":1490,"type":"book","title":"The rise and fall of apartheid","publisher":"University of Virginia Press Charlottesville","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Welsh","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Welsh). By the year 1985, the apartheid system largely went down. At this point of time in the history of apartheid, violent clashes erupted which almost altered the social fabric of South Africa.

Methodology: The authors have used the methodology of the qualitative research in tracing the most accurate incidents which changed the course of history in South Africa. They have used different questions in order to find the relevant data about the incidents happened during apartheid in South Africa. There is very minimal use of the quantitative data which support the argument in some places of the book. For example, the figures about African trade and population statistics have been shown by using quantitative data. The major advantage of using these figures was that it helped in projecting the negative causes. In addition to this, each argument of the book is supported by literary evidence.

Article: Whitehead’s article is about intersectionality. He tells how race, gender and society impacts on the global environment. For him, there is no much difference between how people in a small community and in a country interact with each other ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"dzM2PB8U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Whitehead)","plainCitation":"(Whitehead)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1492,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JI2UBEF7"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/s8f0QVnP/items/JI2UBEF7"],"itemData":{"id":1492,"type":"article-journal","title":"Race-class intersections as interactional resources in post-apartheid South Africa","source":"Google Scholar","author":[{"family":"Whitehead","given":"Kevin A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Whitehead). The article has focused on the inequalities of the relationship. For him the gradual changes whether in one’s personal life or in the life of any country impact on how society develops. The author has applied these basic ideas about intersectionality on South Africa. He reflects this idea on the post-apartheid situation in South Africa. He writes that in post-apartheid South Africa, people started developing relations between them. It provided them with the opportunity to stand against the ruling elite. This unified struggle reflects the idea that how social classes can unify and raise their voice for the rights. Not just in the post-apartheid case in South Africa, the ideas of intersectionality are equally applicable where the masses are denied their rights. These common understandings of intersectionality are applicable in the social classes and in deciding about the fate of states as well.

Works Cited:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Clark, Nancy L., and William H. Worger. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. Routledge, 2013.

Welsh, David. The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. University of Virginia Press Charlottesville, 2009.

Whitehead, Kevin A. Race-Class Intersections as Interactional Resources in Post-Apartheid South Africa. 2013.