Anthropology
Name
[Institutional Affiliation(s)]
Author Note
Code-switching and diversities of English used in content writing in a multilingual context
Introduction
"The accent of once birthplace lingers in the mind and in the heart as it does in one's speech”
Today blogs are an increasing fashion particularly among youngsters who are technologically intelligent. Marinating a blog is normal for particular individuals, somewhat they cannot live without. These young people see blogs in a way to express their sense of individuality and independence. It’s their own world-a home where they can talk about their opinions without being questioned. The uniqueness of writing reflects through form and style which is used differently in a blog as a language variety. Language can range from informal to official, and where multilingual writers show examples of extreme code-switching. Not for the purpose of public viewing, blogs that are written in the Indonesian language are intended only for readers who are able to understand Indonesian language that means people who cannot only read but write this language. To inspect the most likely reasons for code-switching by people who are effective in English, this study also tries to study the use of code-switching and some Indonesian blogs. This is crucial to understand because English is the leading language that is used by the maximum number of people, especially on the internet. People search for sources and blogs in English irrespective of what their native language is and what they want to know. Therefore, the question arises why people are finding blogging in Indonesians language more supportive to express their opinion and knowledge to other people.
Review of Literature
Haugen (1953, p.7) explains bilingualism as a trend where “the speaker of one language can produce complete meaningful utterances in the other language ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"cGqnOe6x","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Sci-Hub | Einar Haugen, Blessings of Babel: Bilingualism and language planning, problems, and pleasures (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 46). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1987. Pp. Xi + 176. Language in Society, 19(03), 413 | 10.1017/S0047404500014597,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Sci-Hub | Einar Haugen, Blessings of Babel: Bilingualism and language planning, problems, and pleasures (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 46). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1987. Pp. Xi + 176. Language in Society, 19(03), 413 | 10.1017/S0047404500014597,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/QGWLM445"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/QGWLM445"],"itemData":{"id":2,"type":"webpage","title":"Sci-Hub | Einar Haugen, Blessings of Babel: Bilingualism and language planning, problems, and pleasures (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 46). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1987. Pp. xi + 176. Language in Society, 19(03), 413 | 10.1017/S0047404500014597","URL":"https://sci-hub.se/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/einar-haugen-blessings-of-babel-bilingualism-and-language-planning-problems-and-pleasures-contributions-to-the-sociology-of-language-46-berlin-mouton-de-gruyter-1987-pp-xi-176/2CAE631A778B5C8664E9FB48BE524F3D","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Sci-Hub | Einar Haugen, Blessings of Babel: Bilingualism and language planning, problems, and pleasures (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 46). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1987. Pp. Xi + 176. Language in Society, 19(03), 413 | 10.1017/S0047404500014597,” n.d.)”. As pointed out in Hakuta (1986), Mackey (1967) has also highlighted that “bilingualism, far from being exceptional, is a problem which affects the majority of the world’s population ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"OCoLfBH3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp\\uc0\\u8212{}Ren\\uc0\\u233{} Appel, 1988,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp—René Appel, 1988,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":5,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/KMLFEQKS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/KMLFEQKS"],"itemData":{"id":5,"type":"webpage","title":"Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp - René Appel, 1988","URL":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026765838800400207","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp—René Appel, 1988,” n.d.)” (p.11) this statement, with which I do not completely agree because the reflection of rapid globalization and the growing world without borders is bilingualism which should not be regarded as a problem. In addition, bilingualism can be a problem only when an individual is moving to another place or adopt other cultures. Within the native culture, bilingualism can be supportive and hence cannot be identified as a problem.
Hakuta (1986, p.10) also highlighted that “The history of bilingualism is partially connected with the changing views of sociologists, variations that are observed not only depending on trends in the profession, but also depending on trends in society as a whole,” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UV2ALny5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp\\uc0\\u8212{}Ren\\uc0\\u233{} Appel, 1988,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp—René Appel, 1988,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":5,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/KMLFEQKS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/KMLFEQKS"],"itemData":{"id":5,"type":"webpage","title":"Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp - René Appel, 1988","URL":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026765838800400207","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp—René Appel, 1988,” n.d.). How it functions as a trend and the changing view of society, this is something very relevant to the bilingualism topic. For instance, in China, the English language was not popular and still, economic growth and overall improvement of society were tremendous. However, from the past few years, the nation is adopting foreign languages which indicate the changing trend of the society and willingness to accept the new languages.
In Paradis’s (Ed.) (1978), it is argued that “The important aspect of code-switching is idiosyncratic factors , because among groups with about the same bilingual capabilities, some code switches are more likely than others to fully define sufficient conditions for code-switching out of reach of behavioral sciences” ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ORVYRoU1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1\\uc0\\u8211{}39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":7,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/MW4CANJX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/MW4CANJX"],"itemData":{"id":7,"type":"webpage","title":"Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3","URL":"https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0388000185800103","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3,” n.d.).” Paradis (1978) also further stated that “in the community of linguistics, apparently, to determine how often language can move in one sentence there is no single set of rules. And also how many syllables and words can be inserted between switches. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"734kfatx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1\\uc0\\u8211{}39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":7,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/MW4CANJX"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/MW4CANJX"],"itemData":{"id":7,"type":"webpage","title":"Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3","URL":"https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0388000185800103","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3,” n.d.).”Code-switching is almost a subconscious part of the life where people are multilingual such as in the Indonesian context, it is where bilingual communities are observed. It indicates that code-switching is not easy to increase the capability of multilingual. It requires time and effort to bring change in society and individual factors like seeking a job in other nations or moving abroad for higher education can play a vital role.
Adler (1977, p.154), claimed that if an individual was to learn “If a person learns a language very well in the native nation, he will be affected by it to some extent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"8PDC3T8G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler\\uc0\\u8212{}AbeBooks,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"webpage","title":"Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler - AbeBooks","URL":"https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/collective-individual-bilingualism-sociolinguistic-study/author/max-adler/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)”. Adler further adds that “The language he is studying, he has to absorb their culture. With Aborigines speaking a language will not only improve information but will also change [code switching] more than would otherwise be ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xMm8tZ2D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler\\uc0\\u8212{}AbeBooks,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"webpage","title":"Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler - AbeBooks","URL":"https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/collective-individual-bilingualism-sociolinguistic-study/author/max-adler/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.).” It is because of the influence of other languages in his atmosphere, which has an effect on his main language. As a theoretical basis for analyzing data, this theory will be used.
The use of Tagalog English in blog by Filipino bloggers, the study by, Smedley (2006) summarized that “...How the speaker engages in conversion is not just a product of switching but also how they pay to heterogeneous nature of language and to make communication as effective as possible and make the most of linguistics repertoire to build and agree on several identities. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MSKDONqi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Essays online: Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Essays online: Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":11,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/FT53IJFJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/FT53IJFJ"],"itemData":{"id":11,"type":"webpage","title":"Essays online: Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context","URL":"https://essaysonline912.blogspot.com/2019/09/code-switching-and-use-of-different.html","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Essays online: Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context," n.d.).”Explanation of meaning through communication with people, the individual code switches to further development, for example, for a particular native language, certain terms and phrases are unique. This is the basic principle that I will try to explore in this study.
On two assumptions the study is based. The first is Adler’s assumption (1977, p. 154) that “The person will be affected to some extent if a person learns the language in native country and studies it well. ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DNUqXoXx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler\\uc0\\u8212{}AbeBooks,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"webpage","title":"Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler - AbeBooks","URL":"https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/collective-individual-bilingualism-sociolinguistic-study/author/max-adler/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} ("Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks," n.d.). ” Adler also adds that “It is important to absorb the culture of nation whose language individual wants to study, with Aborigines, speaking a language change them and also increase their knowledge [code switching] to a greater extent than could otherwise be case ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MjNa2FtT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler\\uc0\\u8212{}AbeBooks,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"webpage","title":"Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler - AbeBooks","URL":"https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/collective-individual-bilingualism-sociolinguistic-study/author/max-adler/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.).”
Methodology
Six blogs were selected to get relevant information for this research. From the faculty of language and linguistics of the University of Indonesia, these blog writers are selected who are English students of the first, second and third year. To get authentic data and to get answers to the researched questions English students are selected because they speak that language. It was important to find out the difference that how a person adopts code-switching while expressing their ideas in other languages and how they share their thoughts in the native language. To study the varieties of language, six blogs were analyzed and the reason for code-switching.
At two levels the analysis was carried out;
i) Code-switching between languages at the word and sentence level
ii) Code-switching within the language (variations in English) at the word and sentence level
Data analyses and discussion
The data for the period from June to December 2010 is reviewed and analyzed for this study. For the help in analysis data, the data that is obtained is not too general or broad, instead specific details are indicated. Indonesian, Malaysian and Chinese bloggers are studied and used as data. The content that they share in their blogs and the expression, thoughts, and emotions that were added in the blog were observed to analyze the data.
Intra-language code-switching (Word-level)
“I wus laik, happy.” Because of several variants of English, this sentence is quite interesting. The spelling and pronunciation method is used such as the word "wus" actually "was" is used in folk English of African Americans. In non-standard English the word "laik" which is actually a short form of "like". The word is used in between the sentence before the verb to express reaction or emotional state. The term evokes the meaning "good, interesting or different in context. If we read the line it seems like the writer wrote the spelling just as he spells. For instance, few people cannot pronounce "R" like Chinese who speak "rice" as "lice" unless they are learning English for a long time. Therefore, it becomes difficult for them to realize the actual mistake or changing they are making while writing their blog.
I fuckin hate my fuckin life.
The word 'fuckin' is used twice in the sentence, by blogger to illustrate disappointment and anger. In addition to offensive and forbidden this syntactic entity is generally considered non-standard. This word is adopted by many youngsters and many people used it freely. This blog indicates the emotion of the writer, who uses the word that can express his actual emotions that he wants to tell the readers. In such cases, a blogger often repeats one word or use slang language to make it easier for them writing their heart out.
And the prick goes on.
Although the informal variety of English is used by Blogger, the Blogger switches the code between her words to a non-standard term- for example, in most cases the term 'prick' is forbidden and offensive in many cases. To illustrate anger and frustration Blogger used it. It highlights the point that the blogger often understands one word for a specific meaning. A word can show some other meaning but it becomes a little difficult for the readers what actually the meaning of the word from the author's point of view. However, when the reader understands the reason for the specific meaning it becomes easier for the blogger to pursue his argument or message to the readers.
Intra-language code intra-language code-switching (sentence-level)
I badly heart you,
To express love and sympathy uniquely such words are used by people. These words are used for inanimate objects, as seen here, sympathy for the television program, the blogger used such words. This language is so in the jargon of modern adolescents but not accepted in Standard English.
Ohhh no-ness
In addition to non-standard, this phrase is considered ungrammatical. The standard and grammatical style are used in some parts of the blog anyway by the writer. In the case, she prefers to switch to a few grammatical structures of the sentence, most likely, to emphasize her disappointment.
Inter-language code-switching at the word level
Even my ayah had forgotten that it was my bday,
Likewise, other bloggers from Indonesian cultural backgrounds use the term "ayah" to refer to his father. She did not use the English terms "father" (formal) or "father" (informal), but chose to keep the term he used to call him - "ayah". As seen in the example here, words or phrases that refer to the term kinship are generally retained in written form. This could be due to habits or familiarity with the concept (family members) which makes it easier to refer them by the name given and called.
Inter-language code-switching at the sentence level
Tidur, Makan, TV, mahjonjo.
This specific blogger does not switch code more often than the other five bloggers, except in certain cases only. In this portal, blogger codes are converted from English into Indonesian, although there is only one sentence. They probably did so to emphasize the activities they were busy with, such as sleeping, eating, watching TV and playing the game "mahjong" (a board game common among Chinese) - all forms of relaxation, a strange thing often considered part of a truly Indonesians.
Tiap-tiapharilepashabisbukapuasamestikemasrumah .
For this specific entry, the blog begins in Malay and continues to be published in English. The reason here may be the nature of the situation itself where the practice of "BukaPuasa" is the Malay / Islamic culture, so the writer chooses to express this statement in Malay to clarify her point of view. “Cleaning the house in preparation for Hari Raya celebrations.”
Conclusion
From extraordinary to colloquial or standard, as well as extracurricular to grammar, varieties of English are used in blogs. In different entries for all blogs, other languages are used in conjunction with English. This variation can be seen in the blogs written by the writers who have a native language other than English. Whenever people from different languages try to write blogs in English they use different pronunciation, word selection, and code-switching to get the attention of the readers. Chinese and Malay are included in this research. Not only in word-level but also in sentence-level code changes occur. With English word inserted between lines, different language is also used in it. Code-switching occurs on a blog searched have some reason. To draw attention towards something individual might use them, can be another reason. Code-switching occurs from native language to English, or to highlight something important.
The desire of an individual to appear in many other things is another reason why code changes occur in these blogs. To include or exclude specific speech communities, a person might use certain phrases and expressions. The individual who is fluent in English is used in this research. In a multilingual context as in Indonesian, it is clear that Adler's assumption (1977, p. 154) is that when one learns "a language in his country of origin, and learns it well, it will be affected to some extent ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9zefHTxY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler\\uc0\\u8212{}AbeBooks,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":9,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/pmiPWNYh/items/XET5NQKR"],"itemData":{"id":9,"type":"webpage","title":"Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler - AbeBooks","URL":"https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/collective-individual-bilingualism-sociolinguistic-study/author/max-adler/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks,” n.d.)." For example, the codes analyzed all have several instances of switching the code from English to the native language (Chinese and Malay). Here, it is clear that the individual's cultural background influences a person's speech not only verbally but also written from him. Bloggers write content the same as they speak different words which sometimes become interesting while sometimes develop the problem in understanding. The same happens when the blogger tries to put attention on a specific sentence and use the unique word from their vocabulary to indicate the emotion or thought behind the words. Therefore, English blogs written by the foreign might be different than the blogs written by the people whose native language is English.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Book reviews: Kenji Hakuta, 1986: Mirror of language; the debate on bilingualism. New York: Basic Books Inc., 286 pp—René Appel, 1988. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/026765838800400207
Collective Individual Bilingualism Sociolinguistic Study by Max Adler—AbeBooks. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/collective-individual-bilingualism-sociolinguistic-study/author/max-adler/
Essays online: Code-switching and the use of different varieties of English in blogs in a multilingual context. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://essaysonline912.blogspot.com/2019/09/code-switching-and-use-of-different.html
Sci-Hub | Einar Haugen, Blessings of Babel: Bilingualism and language planning, problems, and pleasures (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 46). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1987. Pp. Xi + 176. Language in Society, 19(03), 413 | 10.1017/S0047404500014597. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://sci-hub.se/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-in-society/article/einar-haugen-blessings-of-babel-bilingualism-and-language-planning-problems-and-pleasures-contributions-to-the-sociology-of-language-46-berlin-mouton-de-gruyter-1987-pp-xi-176/2CAE631A778B5C8664E9FB48BE524F3D
Sci-Hub | On the representation of two languages in one brain. Language Sciences, 7(1), 1–39 | 10.1016/s0388-0001(85)80010-3. (n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://sci-hub.se/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0388000185800103
