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Strain vs sprain vs cramp compared to normal structure and function

Strain, sprains and cramps definitely make you think about muscle pain. All these also share similar symptoms. However, they differ from one another in their structure and function. A joint sprain refers to overstretching of ligaments, which are bands that connect two bones. Joint sprain is most common in ankle joint having the symptoms of hurting, pain and swelling around the joint as well as limited flexibility ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zjrejRyY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wollman, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Wollman, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2099,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/B8RKSHAP"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/B8RKSHAP"],"itemData":{"id":2099,"type":"article-journal","title":"Sprains and strains","container-title":"Nursing2018","page":"58","volume":"43","issue":"9","author":[{"family":"Wollman","given":"Stephanie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wollman, 2013). On the other hand, joint strain refers to overstretching of tendons, which are thick fibrous cords that connect bones to muscles. Immediate treatment for this is to give rest to muscle and use ice packs to the affected muscles ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"d7dWLUqh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ravikanth et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Ravikanth et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2097,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/4RS7BLJ3"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/4RS7BLJ3"],"itemData":{"id":2097,"type":"article-journal","title":"A review of sports-related injuries: Head to toe spectrum","container-title":"Apollo Medicine","page":"79","volume":"15","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Ravikanth","given":"Reddy"},{"family":"Singh","given":"Jyotin Kshitiz"},{"family":"Pavithran","given":"Anegh"},{"family":"Pilar","given":"Anoop"},{"family":"Nagotu","given":"Anush"},{"family":"Sarkar","given":"Parthasarathi"},{"family":"Sandeep","given":"S."},{"family":"Pinto","given":"Denver Steven"},{"family":"David","given":"Mathew"},{"family":"Joshy","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ravikanth et al., 2018).

Conversely, in cramps people have abrupt and painful contractions having a duration of seconds or minutes. Cramps are the result of fatigue, exercise or electrolyte deficiency. These are temporary and can be simply treated at home.Its treatment includes massage of the affected muscle.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguirre, K., & Kiel, J. (2019). Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle. In StatPearls. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/

Ravikanth, R., Singh, J. K., Pavithran, A., Pilar, A., Nagotu, A., Sarkar, P., …Joshy, J. (2018). A review of sports-related injuries: Head to toe spectrum. Apollo Medicine, 15(2), 79.

Wollman, S. (2013). Sprains and strains. Nursing2018, 43(9), 58.

Reply to student post 2

The joint shoulder

The shoulder joint has humerus, scapula and the clavicle bones and is a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus. There is articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.Theglenoid cavity has shallow nature that gives little stability to the joint. Scapula has irregular shape that allows it to increase the space by changing the original position of the proximal humerus. Most of the stability of the shoulder joint is the result of presence of powerful muscles and tendons of the rotator cuff (Aguirre & Kiel, 2019) (Carbone &Gumina, 2017). The rotator cuff has four muscles; supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor.

Four joints constitute shoulder joint; the sternoclavicular ,acromioclavicular , and scapulothoracic joints, and glenohumeral joint. Shoulder movements are the results of cordinaiton between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones across the glenohumeral joint and scapulothoracic articulation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QA9mKCTp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aguirre & Kiel, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Aguirre & Kiel, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":2100,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/ZRM6DMMG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/KZl8ZL3A/items/ZRM6DMMG"],"itemData":{"id":2100,"type":"chapter","title":"Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle","container-title":"StatPearls","publisher":"StatPearls Publishing","publisher-place":"Treasure Island (FL)","source":"PubMed","event-place":"Treasure Island (FL)","abstract":"The subscapularis muscle is a triangle shaped muscle originating at subscapular fossa and inserting at the lesser tubercle of the humerus. The muscle is named for its orientation under the scapula: sub (under) scapula (wing bone). The subscapularis is 1 of the 4 muscles which compose the rotator cuff apparatus. The other 3 are supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor. The subscapularis muscle’s primary function is internal rotation but can also aid in adducting the humerus. The subscapularis nerve innervates the muscle. The subscapular artery provides blood supply, and lymph drainage flows into the axillary nodes. This muscle and tendon are less likely to tear than other rotator cuff muscles. When there is an insult to the muscle or tendon, loss of function produces weakness in internal rotation. Non-operative management is the treatment of choice for partial tears and tendinopathies. Surgical intervention may be required (1) if conservative management fails, (2) depending on the activity level or profession of the individual, for example, athletes, and (3) in the case of full-thickness tears.[1][2][3]","URL":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/","call-number":"NBK513344","note":"PMID: 30020716","language":"eng","author":[{"family":"Aguirre","given":"Kenneth"},{"family":"Kiel","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aguirre & Kiel, 2019). Due to more movements, the joint is at more risk of injuries. It is also the main joint that connects the upper limb to the trunk.

References

Aguirre, K., & Kiel, J. (2018). Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Carbone, S., &Gumina, S. (2017). Rotator Cuff Biomechanics. In Rotator Cuff Tear (pp. 45-51). Springer, Cham.