Cognitive-behavioral therapies and rehabilitation programs are suggested for adults and juvenile offenders through evidence-based processes. The renowned and earliest cognitive behavioral therapy developed for adults and juvenile criminals was based on the reasoning and rehabilitation programs, by Ross, Fabiano, and Ross, 1986. The programs were specifically designed for adults and juvenile offenders that facilitate cognitive skills teaching and development of adults through learning against antisocial behaviors. Educating adults and juvenile offenders through problem-solving behaviors can significantly reduce recidivism. Significant elements that should be a part of a rehabilitation program to effectively attain its goals and objectives include effective and evidence-based processes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019). A comprehensive and result-oriented rehabilitation program should have meta-cognition, social skills, self-control, interpersonal problem-solving attitude, creative thinking, social perspective-taking, and value enhancement to effectively reduce recidivism ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019). An effective program must start as early as possible to develop cognitive thinking of adults.
Elements of Successful Correctional Rehabilitation Program
Concrete and Creative Thinking
A good program of rehabilitation must have the strength to develop concrete and critical thinking among participants and should reduce the egocentric nature of the adults ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019). It has been observed that offenders usually have a sense of egocentricity, therefore, it is essentially important to reduce this aspect through rehabilitation procedures.
Result-Oriented Interventions
Interventions applied should be evidence-based to effectively deliver services to adults. A sustainable and result-oriented program depends on the factor that intervention is prepared according to the needs of the adults and juvenile offenders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019). These programs should be able to develop impulse control and aggressiveness from participants. The program should be result-oriented and observed through pilot studies after implicating on a few people to get it evaluated before applying to the population.
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
The program based on cognitive-behavioral strategy will develop antisocial issue-ridden adults. Through this approach, the program will enable persons to develop a problem-solving attitude, egocentric control, and social interaction would be enhanced ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"anqt001vm8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Raphael & Ludwig, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Raphael & Ludwig, 2003)"},"citationItems":[{"id":920,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZT8RP9E6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/ZT8RP9E6"],"itemData":{"id":920,"type":"article-journal","title":"Prison sentence enhancements: The case of Project Exile","container-title":"Evaluating gun policy: Effects on crime and violence","page":"274-77","volume":"251","author":[{"family":"Raphael","given":"Stephen"},{"family":"Ludwig","given":"Jens"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Raphael & Ludwig, 2003). Certain characteristics of offenders such as negative thoughts and imaging situations according to their perspective in a conservative approach can be changed through cognitive-behavioral approaches. Utilizing cognitive-behavioral approaches, recidivism, and re-offending behavior can be significantly reduced among adults.
Social Skills
Utilizing the significance theory approach, for example helping adults and juvenile offenders of giving importance to others so that they can improve their social life ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"advs4kg06e","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Latessa, 2003)","plainCitation":"(Latessa, 2003)"},"citationItems":[{"id":919,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JIHT29F5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/JIHT29F5"],"itemData":{"id":919,"type":"article-journal","title":"The challenge of change: Correctional programs and evidence-based practices","container-title":"Criminology & Pub. Pol'y","page":"547","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Latessa","given":"Edward J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2003"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Latessa, 2003). Helping and compassionate behavior would enable them to learn social interactions and ultimately their offensive nature would be modified ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a14p9fpu2vh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Priestley & Vanstone, 2010)","plainCitation":"(Priestley & Vanstone, 2010)"},"citationItems":[{"id":918,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/WDTRQRNY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/WDTRQRNY"],"itemData":{"id":918,"type":"book","title":"Offenders or citizens?: Readings in rehabilitation.","publisher":"Willan Publishing","ISBN":"1-84392-529-X","author":[{"family":"Priestley","given":"Philip Ed"},{"family":"Vanstone","given":"Maurice Ed"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Priestley & Vanstone, 2010). This approach would utilize Goldstein’s program described by Goldstein, Sprafkin, Gershaw, and Klein in 1980. Improving skills of social interactions can essentially help adults to modify re-offending nature ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019).
Correctional Philosophy and Rehabilitation
It has been observed that rehabilitation and correctional interventions can significantly improve the psychological-emotional health of juvenile and adult offenders ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019). Behavioral interventions are considered as the best-utilized approaches to reduce criminal conduct among adults and juveniles after release.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics
Certain challenges still exist among communities that are considered as not preventable through rehabilitation programs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2judmdknbd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Jaitman & Guerrero Compe\\uc0\\u225{}n, 2015)}","plainCitation":"(Jaitman & Guerrero Compeán, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":923,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/F9BSJBLA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/F9BSJBLA"],"itemData":{"id":923,"type":"report","title":"Closing knowledge gaps: Toward evidence-based crime prevention policies in Latin America and the Caribbean","publisher":"Inter-American Development Bank","author":[{"family":"Jaitman","given":"Laura"},{"family":"Guerrero Compeán","given":"Roberto"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Jaitman & Guerrero Compeán, 2015). Understanding the social and demographic background of criminals can be helpful in undersetting and developing client-oriented approaches to effectively reduce offending behaviors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a15ts8m2opc","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Antonowicz & Ross, 1994)","plainCitation":"(Antonowicz & Ross, 1994)"},"citationItems":[{"id":916,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BL6TVMGV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/BL6TVMGV"],"itemData":{"id":916,"type":"article-journal","title":"Essential Components of Successful Rehabilitation Programs for Offenders","container-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology - INT J OFFEND THER COMP CRIMIN","page":"97-104","volume":"38","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"A quantitative analysis of 44 rigorously controlled offender treatment studies, published between 1970 and 1991, was undertaken to determine if the factors suggested by previous reviewers to be essential to program success are in fact related to efficacy. The results indicated that only six factors were significantly associated with the efficacy of programs. These factors included: (a) a sound conceptual model; (b) multifaceted programming; (c) the targeting of \"criminogenic needs\"; (d) the responsivity principle; (e) roleplaying and modeling; and (f) social cognitive skills training. The study raised several questions about the adequacy of research on offender rehabilitation and about the validity of many assertions that have been made about the essential characteristics of effective programs.","DOI":"10.1177/0306624X9403800202","journalAbbreviation":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology - INT J OFFEND THER COMP CRIMIN","author":[{"family":"Antonowicz","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Ross","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1994",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Antonowicz & Ross, 1994). Changes such as low socio-economic and poverty-related factors can be significantly improved through rehabilitation programs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a24paea18vp","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":368,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/p8kwKNoG/items/VUVG4SNN"],"itemData":{"id":368,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career","container-title":"Sexual Abuse","page":"1079063219858073","author":[{"family":"Reale","given":"Kylie"},{"family":"McCuish","given":"Evan"},{"family":"Corrado","given":"Raymond"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reale, McCuish, & Corrado, 2019). Racial and gender discrimination can also be reduced through awareness and education of individuals. Re-offending behaviors are significantly associated with socio-demographic features such as releasing adults in the same environment will convince them to redevelop recidivism.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Antonowicz, D., & Ross, R. (1994). Essential Components of Successful Rehabilitation Programs for Offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology - INT J OFFEND THER COMP CRIMIN, 38, 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X9403800202
Jaitman, L., & Guerrero Compeán, R. (2015). Closing knowledge gaps: Toward evidence-based crime prevention policies in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank.
Latessa, E. J. (2003). The challenge of change: correctional programs and evidence-based practices. Criminology & Pub. Pol’y, 3, 547.
Priestley, P. E., & Vanstone, M. E. (2010). Offenders or citizens?: Readings in rehabilitation. Willan Publishing.
Raphael, S., & Ludwig, J. (2003). Prison sentence enhancements: The case of Project Exile. Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence, 251, 274–277.
Reale, K., McCuish, E., & Corrado, R. (2019). The Impact of Juvenile Sex Offending on the Adult Criminal Career. Sexual Abuse, 1079063219858073.
