Prison Overcrowding

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of Instructor]

[Subject]

[Date]

Prison Overcrowding

Introduction

The overcrowding of prison is an important factor that contributes to poor conditions of prison across the globe. Prison system faced diverse issues and the consequences which can be life-threatening. Overloading is the result of a criminal justice policy which undermines the ability to meet basic human needs like accommodation, food, and healthcare. In this regard, corrections are the umbrella terms which describes the variety of functions carried by state agencies. Individuals convicted of crimes are intricate through the supervision, treatment, and punishment. The important correctional institution is a prison which is also known as a penal system and it refers to a network of probation and parole boards. Despite taking specific measures correctional populations are rising and carrying the sentences of criminal courts.

Discussion

There are many areas where corrections and criminal justice system are interlinked, and it became a discipline to fit into the system of law. Lack of attention and coordinated planning is a fairly common one that is an enactment of new criminal statutes and increase penalties for the crimes. Generally the action was taken on corrections, courts, prosecutors’ offices and the police. The implementation of determining to sentence and the abolishment of parole have to get tough on crimes. Criminal law deals with the violations of duties that a citizen owes for large society, and by an enactment of legislature various actions are described as a violation of societal standards (Freudenberg et al., 325) Statutes, and the legislation defines the process as criminal, and it set standards for punishment. The legislature outlines the procedure of courts and correctional measures and it includes the definition and classification of crimes along with the enforcement of a law, criminal sanctions, court proceedings, and the prosecution. To apprehend offenders, detection and prevention of crimes there is the role of law enforcement agencies.

There is discretion in the matters of crime where police involved, train and experience certain crimes in the society. According to the nature of crimes, law enforcement agencies consider the type of investigation. For example investigation for corruption of killing would be different from the small and restrictive act of the misconduct. The prosecution is one of the significant aspects of the criminal justice system where the prosecutor has discretionary authority. Police bring the records of investigation to the central office and decision is taken for the further proceeding of the case. After following the proper methodology, an indictment is the charged on accused, which requires evidence before the grand jury. The accused person is brought before the court and ask to enter a plea of guilty or non-guilty.

The arrangement is conducted in open court, and it consists of the reading which provides the substance of charges against the individual. It is the court authority to dismiss or accept the commands and indict the person accordingly (Freudenberg et al., 328). Trail by a jury or by a judge can be defended by the accused person, and during the conversation, the jury may negotiate the case with the prosecutor. The defense counsel can also reduce or dropped the charges by providing significant facts and proofs. During the process legality of the prosecution paper is observe, and it counters the arrest or detention of property by actions of police. According to the US constitution, no person shall be deprived of life, property or liberty without the process of law in the respective courts. Similarly, every court considers that due process is strictly followed in proceeding the criminal cases (Haney, 311). Courts make it easy that case proceeds to the trials and proceeding are observe and instruct by the jury about the law that applies to their deliberations.

The court is the only authorities' forum which can impose sentences. Due to particular sentences or situations, courts may extend their jurisdiction beyond the sentencing guidelines. Even the judges can be sentenced for their expansion and actions which are against the law. A wide range of penalties are described in the sections of the law, which included the mandatory sentences and consistent results. It is common in the judicial circles that there are sentencing decisions which are according to the law. In an approved practice the Supreme Court has declared that individualizing sentences to fit particular defendants’ court can relax the strict procedure and evidentiary process.

Similarly, corrections are the practices where the collection of agencies perform functions that carry out the sentencing orders of criminal courts. These incorporate the probation authority, jails, and the agencies that perform communities’ correction functions, prison and paroling powers (Haney, 318). In the United States sentencing ranges from execution in capital cases, terms of impressment, suspended sentences, probation supervision, and the restitution. Study of the corrections has never been more important than the instructor to emphasize for incarceration rate in the United States. There is 5 percent of the world population in the US with 25 percent of prisoners. Corrections are not referred to the institutions instead it is the practices that society uses to correct, confine and control the behavior of offenders.

Contemporary correctional activities incorporate the primary goals like rehabilitation, incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution. Each of these objectives have varied levels of professional and public support (Sundt et al., 335). Prison staff and the jail indicated that they are trying to perceive primary goals of corrections as incapacitation. Various respondents and researchers reflected that retribution, rehabilitation, and deterrence comes after the incapacitation. A facility, military background, years of service and age are the significant predictors of staff orientation towards the welfare of prisoners. Mostly the members of jail are associated with gender issues that should not be the case, and orientation should be related to rehabilitation.

The rapid growth in the prisons of the United States has instigated new trends in correctional activities. The programs of correction are continuing to grow for reducing the cost of incarceration. Advanced and new forms are incorporated because these are different from the traditional styles and it integrates the cost-saving measures, crime-related problems, and inmates with crimes. There is the idea of realistic pragmatism in correctional practices which convince the attention of society towards the dark side of the criminals.

Cutting the cost is useful as the management cannot afford the expenses of offenders. The privatization and evaluations of program effectiveness became part of correctional actions, and public safety is also given vital importance because society have treatable problems which can be resolved through progressive measures (Sundt et al., 339) Correctional programming is shaping by these developments and it will probably continue to do for extended time. The concerned authorities will continuously appreciate further transformations in the United States.

Conclusion

Concluding the discussion, correction explosions continue to rise because of increase in serious crimes rate. The unprecedented growth, a shift in a panel discussion and the cost control are some of the significant factors that drive specific changes in the correctional practices. Reformations along with advancement in technology are the leading factors which bring innovations in the criminal justice system. Offenders are required to pay his own cost, and electronic monitoring of community correctional centers are the major modifications. Based on a large number of fines and offender financial position desirable sanction based participation can be denied.

Works Cited

Freudenberg, Nicholas, and Daliah Heller. "A review of opportunities to improve the health of people involved in the criminal justice system in the United States." Annual review of public health 37 (2016): 313-333.

Haney, Craig. "Madness" and penal confinement: Some observations on mental illness and prison pain." Punishment & Society 19.3 (2017): 310-326.

Sundt, J., Salisbury, E. J., & Harmon, M. G. (2016). Is downsizing prisons dangerous? The effect of California's realignment act on public safety. Criminology & Public Policy, 15(2), 315-341.