Primary And Secondary Source Paper

[Name of the Writer]

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[US History 1]

[Date]

Primary and Secondary Source Paper

Von Sikorski, C. "The aftermath of political scandals: A meta-analysis." International Journal of Communication 12 (2018): 3109-3133.

This article is a meta-analysis that represents the initial attempt to examining the political scandals and their effects through testing. Various studies were collectively identified and examined consisting of total seventy-eight in number, including 54,000 and above participants. The author conducted a quantitative analysis and it uncovered that the number of studies has increased progressively. The research stems chiefly from Europe and North America, and the majority of the studies are grounded on the samples provided by the students. The outlets for publication are frequently portrayed through journals of psychology and political science, whereas the journals related to communication are only present in minor roles. Analysis of qualitative studies displays that the two main resulting variables are studied frequently, i.e., electoral consequences and assessment of politicians. Generally, the researches expose the effects for politicians in the negative evaluation and their scandals, which included Nixon's Watergate scandal as well, therefore, it relates to the topic of Watergate scandal which is to explore in subsequent chapters. However, the author in this study deduced five essential moderators, characteristics of the candidate; e.g., behaviors, context, prior attitudes, and type of scandal, this meaningfully impacts scandal effects. Consequently, the researcher has basically neglected the research for precisely conceptualizing in scandal-effects studies the main independent variable, i.e., news reporting and its concentration. Lastly, the author has certain research gaps which are centrally identified and discussion on possibilities for future researches.

Kamarck, Elaine. "What Exactly Was Watergate And Is It Happening Again?." Brookings. N. p., 2017. Web. 3 Apr. 2019.

This article starts from discussing the tweets done by President Trump in defense to accusations about the contact of his staff at the campaign with Russia. In few of his tweets, he accused Ex-President Obama of these rumors and called it a plot to topple his government and related it to Nixon's Watergate scandal. This evoked people to look back and explore the historical happening of the Watergate scandal. Elaine talked about the whole Nixon’s Watergate event and gave coverage to the facts starting from the burglary happened, in 1972, at the headquarters of democratic national committee in the office of Watergate. Nixon came back after re-election and he dismissed the theft by considering it as 'bizarre circumstances'. Still, the vent and related debate and investigations did not go away and a former FBI agent known as ‘deep throat' started investigating on the matter, later he died. Many pieces of evidence and proves came into existence after that, majorly the voice recordings of Nixon. This revealed much about the plotting of the burglary and the forgery of evidence etc. and how Nixon plotted this theft. He was caught during covering up for his crime, he was dismissed from the office and this scandal is remembered till date. That is why Trump gave the example of this scandal while talking about the rumors of his campaign crew related to Russia. This article focused on modern break-ins or thefts, which occur through electronic devices and Medias. The author concluded on the note where she resembled the character of Donald Trump with that of Nixon's, as they both were loners and loyal to some of the people, and vindictive to their enemies. This topic relates heavily with the chosen topic of Watergate scandal but in a modern context, i.e., resembling Trump's way of governance with the Nixon's. The author also emphasized that the theft or robbery has advanced just like the progressive era. Trump also attacks without cause, just like Nixon did in the past.

Shepard, G. (2015). The Real Watergate Scandal: Collusion, Conspiracy, and the Plot That Brought Nixon Down. Simon and Schuster.

In this book, the author uncovers the factual bases of the Watergate scandal, such that the involvement of legal officials likes judges and prosecutors. The study has exposed various shocking desecrations of legal and ethical standards by the people who were apparently acting as the ‘good guys’, it included Judge Leon Jaworski, Archibald Cox, and John Sirica. The author stated in his book that the Special Prosecution Force of Watergate was a retaliating group of people who came from the positions most biased adversaries of Nixon. They all were wealthy and rich and shared the same interest, to give a good fortune to the judges who worked with them and rapidly established a likeness for media’s attention, which was usually given to those who gave their control to the cause of anti-Nixon authorities. Furthermore, the author depicted that the conversation related to "smoking gun", which he firstly transcribed to himself was taken out of the situation and was misunderstood completely, such that it was translated according to the interpretation concurring to the way with which Nixon's opponent John Dean wants it to be interpreted. Various crimes happened in this whole process; hence an attempt was occurred to cover these events which lead to burglary or theft. However, by squashing on the rights of defendants to the due process, the prosecutors and judges of the Watergate case deprived the Americans of the guarantee that justice was made to the case of Watergate burglary. This book is related to the inner contemplations related to the Watergate scandals, and it is important to the topic so that it unravels the people who were a bad name to justice but played really well in the whole matter and did not bring justice to the matter although they had power and they misused it.

Bump, Philip. "How America Viewed The Watergate Scandal, As It Was Unfolding." Washingtonpost.com N.p., 2019. Web. 3 Apr. 2019.

This post is about the issue of Watergate scandal which occurred when five people broke into the headquarters of Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel. It is mainly about the reelection campaign for Nixon which took place after the theft. The poll suggested that their majority of the people think there would be no effect of the break-in on the reelection of Ex-president Nixon. Because they perceived that he had no motive behind this burglary. After this, Nixon won the elections and author here stated that it did not reveal about the feelings of people related to the incident of Watergate. The author explained the events which occurred in the chain until the resignation of Nixon. The campaign poll of Nixon's elections asked several questions, and people replied to it differently. These polls clearly defended the position of Nixon till the tapes came out on the surface. Till that time people thought of Nixon as not related to this event. The author also investigated the temperature of the nation through these pollsters of Nixon. However, in the end after many revelations, the author concluded that the approval rating of Nixon dropped down to 24% from 64%/, and after denying his tapes, this rating never went up from 38%, and according to author now President Trump is at this rating.

The Watergate scandal during the early 1970s was a major scandal in the history of the United States. The sources mentioned above focus on different aspects of the Watergate scandal. Generally, the researches expose the effects for politicians in the negative evaluation and their scandals, which included Nixon’s Watergate scandal. These sources are important to the topic because they unravel the people who were a bad name to justice but played really well in the whole matter and did not bring justice to the matter although they had power and they misused it. One of the articles focused on the modern break-ins or thefts, which occur through electronic devices and Medias, and also related President Trump to the wrongdoings of Nixon.

Works Cited

Bump, Philip. "How America Viewed The Watergate Scandal, As It Was Unfolding." Washingtonpost.com N.p., 2019. Web. 3 Apr. 2019.

Kamarck, Elaine. "What Exactly Was Watergate And Is It Happening Again?." Brookings. N. p., 2017. Web. 3 Apr. 2019.

Shepard, G. (2015). The Real Watergate Scandal: Collusion, Conspiracy, and the Plot That Brought Nixon Down. Simon and Schuster.

Von Sikorski, Christian. "Political Scandals as a Democratic Challenge| The Aftermath of Political Scandals: A Meta-Analysis." International Journal of Communication 12 (2018): 25.