Machine Replace Human Job

Trai Nguyen

[Instructor Name]

[Course Number]

22 February 2019

Machine Replace Human Jobs

Abstract:

Technological advancements are replacing humans at jobs with automated machines such as robots. Humans have survived many technological advancements, but the latest innovations are not like anything in the past. Modern information and computer technologies are continuously developing algorithms duplication aspects of the human brain. The results are dismal job opportunities for humans. Machines are taking over jobs previously performed by human experts at an exponential rate.

Contents

TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Introduction: PAGEREF _Toc1746998 \h 3

Purpose: PAGEREF _Toc1746999 \h 3

Background: PAGEREF _Toc1747000 \h 3

Methodology: PAGEREF _Toc1747001 \h 4

Discussion: PAGEREF _Toc1747002 \h 4

Lawyers: PAGEREF _Toc1747003 \h 5

Data Entry Operators: PAGEREF _Toc1747004 \h 6

Journalism: PAGEREF _Toc1747005 \h 7

Drivers: PAGEREF _Toc1747006 \h 7

Chefs: PAGEREF _Toc1747007 \h 7

Finance Experts: PAGEREF _Toc1747008 \h 8

Business analytics: PAGEREF _Toc1747009 \h 8

Healthcare: PAGEREF _Toc1747010 \h 9

Manual Jobs: PAGEREF _Toc1747011 \h 9

Counterarguments: PAGEREF _Toc1747012 \h 9

Conclusion and Recommendations: PAGEREF _Toc1747013 \h 11

Works Cited PAGEREF _Toc1747014 \h 12

Introduction:

Purpose:

Jobs previously performed b human experts are quickly being replaced by intelligent automated machines such as robots. The report describes the potential effects of this revolution on job markets. The purpose of the report is to investigate the most affected areas of job markets by the latest innovations in information and computer technologies. Analysis of literature and various technological reports is performed to understand the broader picture in the most comprehensive way. Recommendations are provided after careful analysis of the technological landscape and its effect on previous as well as future jobs.

Background:

It is obvious and can be understood by general observation as well that most of the automation jobs in the auto manufacturing industry are replaced by machines. But the claims by Brynjolfsson, a professor of MIT and his colleague McAfee claims are most terrifying. Both the researchers argued since the last couple of days that technology is replacing humans in various fields at higher than expected speeds. The exponential induction of robots in factories is considered to be the primary cause of sluggish growth of the job market during the last decade ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h99XRcTl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rotman)","plainCitation":"(Rotman)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":22,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/NDRS6FPQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/NDRS6FPQ"],"itemData":{"id":22,"type":"article-magazine","title":"How Technology Is Destroying Job","container-title":"Technology Review; Cambridge","page":"27-35","volume":"116","issue":"4","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"Given his calm and reasoned academic demeanor, it is easy to miss just how provocative Erik Brynjolfsson's contention really is. Brynjolfsson, a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management, and his collaborator and coauthor Andrew McAfee have been arguing for the last year and a half that impressive advances in computer technology are largely behind the sluggish employment growth of the last 10 to 15 years. Anecdotal evidence that digital technologies threaten jobs is, of course, everywhere. Robots and advanced automation have been common in many types of manufacturing for decades. A less dramatic change, but one with a potentially far larger impact on employment, is taking place in clerical work and professional services. Technologies like the Web, artificial intelligence, big data, and improved analytics -- all made possible by the ever increasing availability of cheap computing power and storage capacity -- are automating many routine tasks. Brynjolfsson himself says he's not ready to conclude that economic progress and employment have diverged for good.","ISSN":"1099274X","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Rotman","given":"David"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rotman). Researchers foresee dismal conditions for future graduates in traditional disciplines. The automation and improvements in software technologies are not only threatening to graduate, in fact, but the machine has also replaced many low-level jobs as well in fields including manufacturing, financial services, law, education, and medicine.

Advancements made in the development of algorithms of machine learning and artificial intelligence have replaced human experts more than the creation of new jobs for human experts. It can be considered that humans are in a fight against modern machines to save their jobs. Any person working in an auto manufacturing plant has undoubtedly experienced the blow of modern technology machines. The situation is not worsening in the United States of America but in all of the technologically advanced nations. The fact is true because more rich nations have more money to invest in technological advancements.

Methodology:

As the debate on the topic is an ongoing process. The method adopted to investigate the matter involved analysis of various technological reports and literature articles. Significant consultation has been made to the research work of the Brynjolfsson and McAfee along with the review of news and literature articles. The report analyzed most affected sectors of the jobs such as switchboard operators, ticket operators at railway stations and many other jobs that are at greater risk of being abolished in the near future. According to a study, more than 47 percent of the jobs in America are at high risk of being replaced by automated machines.

Discussion:

There are a lot of concerns discussed in various reports when it comes to the impact of artificial intelligence on the job prospects of humans. It is a fact that is globally established that technology boosts productivity and make societies healthy, but it has a dark side as well. Which is the technological advancement is eliminating the need for human experts in various fields leaving them in worse conditions they have not experienced ever before. Productivity in industries is at record level by deploying these latest technologies, innovation has never been so fast, and on the other side at the same time the income for the low-level job is falling, and there are fewer jobs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TYeBNPBa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mangu-Ward)","plainCitation":"(Mangu-Ward)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":24,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/BCRB4ETB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/BCRB4ETB"],"itemData":{"id":24,"type":"article-magazine","title":"The Robot Revolution Is Here","container-title":"Reason; Los Angeles","page":"18-25","volume":"46","issue":"11","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"ASIMO, the most advanced humanoid robot on the market, can understand multiple voices at once and uses facial recognition software to match the men with theft requests. So far, ASIMO -- at least as seen in a 2014 segment on Japanese public television-appears rather more competent than the baristas at the author's local Starbucks, who frequently ask her to repeat her order and haven't a clue who she is, despite her semi-regular appearances at the same location for the last six years. But as ASIMO walks away to pick up the drinks, it's apparent that there's much work ahead for Honda's engineers. When everyone talks about robots taking jobs, strong hydraulic arms looming over factory assembly lines is what comes most readily to mind. The International Federation of Robotics put the population of industrial robots at more than 1.1 million in 2013, making robots a well-established component of US manufacturing.","ISSN":"00486906","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Mangu-Ward","given":"Katherine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",4]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mangu-Ward). People are falling behind, and the technology is growing so fast, but the organizations are not able to keep up with the pace of advancement and accommodation of their skilled workers.

America and China are considered to be the powerhouse of the manufacturing world. Although the deployment of machines and robots is common in the manufacturing sectors of these countries but at current fewer people work in welding and painting plants than robots. Organizations claim that the introduction of robots and automated machines has increased the production tremendously and reduced the costs of production to a minimum. However, the unemployment of skilled worker has also increased at the same rate. Industrial robots are now more flexible, efficient, and cheaper as compared to their counterparts of 1997. Trends in the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning seem to be dramatic. One example of this change can be observed by the latest experiments of driverless cars by google. It shows that technology is becoming mature enough to remove drivers from their jobs. Future will be of driverless cars. Here is the catch that is considered to be alarming in all these developments. Driverless cars are being developed by the technology giant and once successful they will be quickly adopted by the rich having resources to afford such luxury. The question here is that where the drivers will go? There is no suitable answer to this question by any technology enthusiast. Technology is not bad and driverless cars will certainly provide comfort to people, but at the same time drivers will be in great trouble ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wCRpJb1c","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Selko)","plainCitation":"(Selko)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":26,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/M77GE7XS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/M77GE7XS"],"itemData":{"id":26,"type":"article-journal","title":"Manufacturing Mini-Hearts for Better Health Outcomes","container-title":"Industry Week; Cleveland","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"First blood is drawn from a patient, placed in a petri dish and reprogramming factors are added to the cells which cause the cells to be reprogramed to become stem cells. Technologies include a suite of drug discovery tools of human bioengineered heart tissues, as well as hardware and software tools for measurement and analyses using machine learning approaches. Regenerative medicine, which involves tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function, is the end-goal of Novoheart.","URL":"http://search.proquest.com/docview/2169604587/abstract/9D35A6EF980F4429PQ/1","ISSN":"00390895","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Selko","given":"Adrienne"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1,23]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Selko). Rich people will be provided with more comfort, and the majority of low-income drivers will be left in the lurch because the rate of adoption is greater than expected among the young generation. Various other jobs threatened by the technological advancement are described as under;

Lawyers:

Being a lawyer is considered to be a good profession if not great. It is considered to be the career with high earnings and of great social status but sighting the advancements in artificial intelligence the situation may not be the same in the long run. Hiring a lawyer is an expensive job a large portion of the work a lawyer perform in routine can be automated as well by artificial intelligence. While the profession may not be completely removed by the automation because there will be a need for human experts. But substantial work of sorting files and decisions related to the documents such as which of the documents are related to the trial and which are not can be overtaken by the machines having artificial intelligence algorithms to sort information robustly ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pw6UmzhL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sharif and Huang)","plainCitation":"(Sharif and Huang)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":28,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/ZY5ZTQ6Q"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/ZY5ZTQ6Q"],"itemData":{"id":28,"type":"article-journal","title":"Industrial Automation in China’s “Workshop of the World”","container-title":"The China Journal; Chicago","page":"1","volume":"81","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"The Chinese government has announced major plans to provide subsidies to upgrade industry through automated manufacturing and robotization. This article examines how the government in the southern city of Dongguan, a leading center of the country’s export industry, has promoted a “Replacing Humans with Machines” initiative to improve the prospects for local manufacturers facing toughening business conditions since 2007. We explain the conditions that informed the “Replacing Humans with Machines” initiative, reveal findings based on numerous on-site interviews with officials, factory managers, and workers about the effects of automation in Dongguan, and analyze the implications for the labor market. We find that the subsidies awarded by the Dongguan government to support automation in local firms played only a minor role in the firms’ automation strategies. Instead, the main drivers of automation were competitive market pressures to reduce the workforce, step up productivity, improve product quality, and deal with occupational health and safety. Workers coping with the effects of automation have suffered variously from deskilling and displacement, although in some cases they were offered upskilling through additional training.","DOI":"http://dx.doi.org.edmonds.idm.oclc.org/10.1086/699471","ISSN":"13249347","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Sharif","given":"Naubahar"},{"family":"Huang","given":"Yu"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sharif and Huang). It can be considered that in future robots will be arguing for contracts and parking fines. Even if the advancement is not going to happen overnight, but it is not a good sign for young graduates because they will lose effective training opportunities for pre-trial works. They will not be able to get hands-on practice for sorting trial related legal documents.

Data Entry Operators:

In earlier days the easiest definition of automation was as a machine capable of performing repetitive tasks on its own. When considered the job of data entry operators and clerks the same adjectives come into mind such as boring, repetitive, and dull. And that is what modern machines are good at doing. So, there exists a potential threat for future and existing data entry operators that modern machines will soon be doing the same work with more speed and efficiency ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zpfzSgq1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Biometric Scan Software Industry})","plainCitation":"(Biometric Scan Software Industry)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":29,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/T67QWQZ5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/T67QWQZ5"],"itemData":{"id":29,"type":"report","title":"Biometric Scan Software Industry","publisher":"Acquisdata Pty Ltd","publisher-place":"Yass, Australia, Yass","source":"ProQuest","event-place":"Yass, Australia, Yass","abstract":"LATEST NEWS The biometric software market continued to grow over the last month, with a number of notable developments that progressed the uptake of biometric software. In November 2018, Delta Airlines unveiled the first biometric terminal in the United States at the Maynard H. Jackson International Terminal in Atlanta. Facial recognition technology has been deployed to provide customers flying directly to international destinations with a seamless curb-to-gate travel experience.Biometric solutions are gaining traction across sectors including banking, travel and workforce management. The Nigerian Government is partnering with biometric technology providers as a means of improving financial inclusion and service delivery. It aims to bring 70 million unbanked people into Nigeria’s financial system by 2020. The Singapore Government is planning to extend the trial of its National Identity Facial Biometric System to banking and healthcare sectors.The biometric payment card market continued to experience growth. In November 2018, ten Middle Eastern banks announced start of pilot experiment to try biometric payment card featuring a built-in fingerprint sensor. The same month certain Asian Banks also announced trial of biometric payment cards.Argentina’s Banco Nacion will deploy biometric technology which will enable customers to securely access financial institution’s product portfolio with just a selfie. New Zealand bank ASB has rolled out a new biometrics-based mobile ID app for all clients.In November 2018, JetBlue rolled-out its first biometric self-boarding gate at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport for customers flying to select international destinations. Qantas Airways is also piloting facial recognition technology for both self check-in and replacing passport and boarding pass screenings.According to reports, Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) is planning to launch next generation AirPods that will feature biometric sensors or instance, to monitor heart rate. Fujitsu (TSE:6702) is collaborating with Hungary-based BioSec to develop biometric venue access control solution names StadiumGuard. The solution uses contactless palm vein scanners, allowing registered individuals to gain entry into large-scale venues with the wave of a hand.NEC’s facial recognition technology will also be deployed for the Rugby World Cup which is taking place in April 2019. For Q318, ImageWare (OTC: IWSY) reported revenue of $736,000 million, compared with $1.08 million in the same period last year. Total revenue for nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $3.3 million versus $3.1 million in the prior year period.For the third quarter of 2018, Precise Biometrics (STO: PREC) sales were SEK16.8 million, up 66% YOY compared to SEK10.1 million in the prior year period. For the first nine months of 2018, sales totaled SEK53.6 million, up 14.5% compared to SEK46.8 million in 9M17. Suprema has been recognized as one of the top 50 largest security company in A&S magazine’s 2018 Security 50 rankings for the eighth consecutive year.Industry Snapshot1.1 IntroductionBiometrics are unique physical or behavioral characteristics that can be used to automatically identify individuals. Biometric technologies capture, process and measure these characteristics electronically and compare them against existing records to create a highly accurate identity management capability.Common physical biometric indicators in use today include fingerprints, faces, irises, voices, and DNA, among many others. Behavioral biometric indicators include patterns in the way an individual walks, gestures, or even types.Biometrics involve measuring personal attributes (fingerprint, iris) or their gestures (movement, speech) to authenticate their identity. Biometric technologies comprise of both hardware that takes physical data (such as fingerprint sensor) and passes it to the software that processes the incoming information for authentication.The Biometrics Scan Software industry comprises companies that develop software for biometric technologies such as fingerprint, iris, retina and face-recognition identification systems. The industry has recorded significant expansion over the past five years driven by demand from both government as well as the private sector. Over the next five years, stronger investment from private enterprises in sectors such as healthcare, construction, finance and consumer electronics is projected to accelerate demand for industry products and help continue to boost revenue.Among the various biometric software, face recognition, voice and speech recognition software is witnessing significant growth and is expected to grow even further. This growth is driven by improvements in hardware processing capabilities and biometric algorithms. The smartphone market is another growing area of deployment of biometric software. People store confidential data on the mobile, which is vulnerable to attack by hackers and malicious perpetrators. Biometric technology can be of great help in securing the device and ensuring only the owner of the device can enter and use it.The field of biometrics continues to expand and diversify. The adoption of biometric at a mass level is beginning to unfold as biometric technologies evolve and mature. Some of the most commonly used biometric technologies are as follows.Fingerprint: The use of the ridges and valleys found on the surface tips of a human finger to identify an individual.Face Recognition: The analysis of facial features or patterns for the authentication or recognition of an individual's identity. It is generally used in security systems.Retina Recognition: The use of patterns of veins in the back of the eye to accomplish recognition.Iris Recognition: It is based on analysis of the iris of the eye, which is the colored ring of tissue that surrounds the pupil of the eye.Vein Recognition: Vein recognition is a type of biometrics that can be used to identify individuals based on the vein patterns in the human finger or palm.Voice Recognition: This used to identify individuals based on the sound a user makes while speaking.Behavioural Recognition: This is a type of biometric technology that uses individuals behavioural characteristics for authentication. For instance, the way of waling, gestures, heartbeats and other similar behavioural patterns can be compared to identify individuals.Multimodal Recognition: This is a type of biometric technology that uses a combination of other biometric technologies for identity verification (such as fingerprint and iris or iris and voice recognition.1.2 Market ScopeThe global biometrics market is forecast to reach $35 billion globally by 2020, from ~$15 billion in 2015, according to a report by Biometric Research Group. This includes both the hardware, software and other services.The primary factor influencing the growth of biometrics systems is government adoption. Governments across the world are adopting biometrics technologies for access authorization, identification and verification, e-passport management and national border control projects. The Asia-Pacific region expected to see the fastest growth, with increasing adoption of biometrics technologies particularly in India and China.The fingerprint identification systems and software account for the largest share of the overall biometrics market and is forecast to continue to be the main source of overall market revenues till 2020.This sector was valued at $10 billion in 2015 and is expected to reach nearly $25 billion in 2020. Face, iris, vein, and voice recognition biometric technologies together comprise the second largest segment. This sector was worth $5 billion in 2015 and is expected to reach US$10.5 billion in 2020.The finger technology market is expected to quadruple by 2020 primarily driven by increasing adoption in smartphones and other consumer electronics. Given the cut-throat competition in the smartphone space, manufacturers are adding new features to the mobile phones. In a space of few years, fingerprint authentication technology has become almost a standard feature in all new mobile phones released in the market. Almost half of the mobile phones sold in 2016 include the technology compared to one third in 2015.This growth is expected to continue and it is anticipated that in the next few years all mobile phones will be equipped with fingerprint sensor technology. Besides mobile, fingerprint technology is likely to be integrated in new product areas such as smart cards, payment cards, wearables, cars and IoT. According to Precise Biometrics, the total market for fingerprint technology will quadruple to ~2.5 billion devices by 2020. Of this, ~1.2 billion will be in new product areas.Behavioral biometrics is another area which is gaining prominence. It refers to identification process based on behaviors like key-strokes, mouse movements, and finger pressure and swipes on a mobile device. It can be used for variety of use cases, primary being fraud detection and prevention. It works by comparing the recorded authentic behavior to the current behavior. If the two do not match, it implies a breach in security.According to Biometrics Institute’s 2017 Industry Trend Tracker, online identity verification, mobile payments/m-commerce and financial services are expected to lead biometric adoption over the next five years. In terms of technologies, face recognition, multimodal, iris and behavioral biometrics, all are expected to pick up over the next five years. According to a report by Worldpay, 63% of consumers are willing to use biometric authenticated payments for shopping. This year, Alibaba conducted 60.3% of its $30.7 billion business during Singles Day with biometric face or fingerprint identity verificationThe primary drivers for rising demand for biometric software are identity theft, data breaches, and compliance in highly regulated industries such as government, financial services, and healthcare. The biometric software technologies such as facial recognition are being looked at favourably by countries trying to enhance national security by more effectively vetting the entry/exit of individuals in a country.It has been estimated that between 1.7 billion and 1.9 billion people illegally crossed the European Union’s border in 2015.The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is looking to expedite the completion of biometric based entry-exit system. Facial recognition can be extremely effective solutions for such as system. The facial recognition technology does not require a large footprint or major renovations to existing border infrastructure. The US House Homeland Security Committee has advanced the Biometric Identification Migration Alert Program (BITMAP) Authorization Act of 2018 to allow partner-country law enforcement officers to collect and share biometric and biographic data on special interest individuals to identify potential threat actors.US Customs and Border Protection has been piloting facial recognition-based biometric exit technology at Miami International Airport for a select outbound flight. One more such pilot has been launched at the Los Angeles International Airport where passengers are being screened with biometric facial matching technology. It is also piloting facial biometrics technology at the San Luis Port of Entry for pedestrian travelers entering the United States.In November 2018, Delta Airlines unveiled the first biometric terminal in the United States at the Maynard H. Jackson International Terminal in Atlanta. Facial recognition technology has been deployed to provide customers flying directly to international destinations with a seamless curb-to-gate travel experience.In July 2018, Seoul’s Incheon International Airport deployed biometric technology to efficiently process travelers. Some of the other deployments in the same month include installation of biometric kiosks for entry and exit processing in Cyprus and deployment of facial recognition technology at San Diego International Airport for faster passenger processing.Tanzania’s Immigration Services Department has also deployed Facial Matching Systems at two of its busiest airports. Sydney International Airport will test a facial recognition system to replace passport or boarding passes starting in May 2018. British Airways recently began a trial offering biometric boarding to customers flying from Orlando to London Gatwick.Facial recognition systems have been deployed at 62 airports in China, including Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, to speed up security checks for travelers. The Buenos Aires International Airport has deployed automated biometric-based system for passengers entering the country. In July 2018, Trinidad and Tobago deployed an automated border control system at its Piarco International Airport. The same month, Oslo Airport deployed IDEMIA facial recognition technology.Emirates Airlines announced that it would soon begin using a “biometrics path” with facial and iris recognition to verify the identity of travelers for flights from Dubai International Airport. The system will reportedly enable travelers to check in, enter the airline’s lounge, and board the plane without queuing or document checks.According to Acuity Market Intelligence, the install base for Automated Border Control (ABC) eGates will increase by 10% CAGR over the next five years, while Automated Passport Control (APC) Kiosks are expected to nearly double by 2020. Currently, more than 5,500 ABC and APC kiosks are deployed more than 300 airports worldwide. The recent SITA report shows that 51% of airports are planning to implement biometric self-boarding gates by 2020. According to SITA, global airport IT spending is expected to grow from $8.6 billion in 2017 to $10 billion in 2018, as airports invest in technology to reduce waiting in lines and manage rising passenger volumes.SITA’s automated gates processed more than 1.2 million passengers at Moscow Airport during World Cup 2018. SITA also extended its partnership with Brisbane Airport, where its automated gate processing solutions have already been deployed. San Jose International Airport will become the first airport on the West Coast of the US to identify every international traveler passing through the airport with facial biometrics beginning fall 2018.The US Department of Defense (DoD) plans to replace the Common Access Card (CAC) system with an identity management system based on biometric technology. The Saudi Arabian government is developing a facial recognition system to identify travelers entering the country. The Australian government has also committed hundreds of millions of dollars for government biometric and identity programs as part of its 2018-2019 federal budget.Besides the government, even corporations are looking at biometrics as an opportunity to enhance growth prospects and serve customers better. Walmart Corp has filed a patent for facial recognition tracking technology to assess customer satisfaction, while Accenture and Intel in collaboration with insurance agency Sompo Japan Nipponkoa are utilizing biometrics and AI to improve road safety. Microsoft is collaborating with Singapore-based ride sharing company Grab to use facial recognition to verify drivers and passengers. In January 2018, Facebook acquired mobile ID authentication startup Confirm.io, which could help the social media company restore access to users locked out of their accounts.Confirm.io had raised $4 million in a seed funding round in 2015 to develop technology for mobile biometrics and capturing data from ID cards. Marriott has partnered with Alibaba to test facial recognition technology at its hotels for check-in. It will initially be tested at two hotels in China before being eventually rolled out globally. This is expected to improve customer experience and cut check-in process from at least three minutes to less than one. Microsoft has introduced facial recognition technology in its new live event hosting application.Alababa’s online travel agency Fliggy has launched facial recognition ticketing at Xixi National Wetland Park in Hangzhou. It plans to extend the technology to 1,000 tourist destinations in China within three years.Korean convenience store chain, GS25 has launched a pilot program at a store that allows payment to be made via facial recognition instead of cashiers to process the purchases. The company plans to introduce and test the smart retail technology at 13 locations by the end of this year.Biometric solutions can help a great deal in protecting against identity theft. In the US, an identity is stolen every three seconds and over 80% of organizations are victims of identity fraud. In 2017, identity fraud cost the US $16.8 billion and affected 16.7 million people. The recent data breach at credit reporting firm Equifax was another example of traditional security methods being inadequate against today’s hackers. According to Juniper, a total of ~146 billion records could be stolen by 2023.Biometric authentication can tighten the security and make it much more difficult for anyone to hack the systems. According to research from Veridium, more than four out of five IT decision-makers believe biometric authentication makes their organization’s data more secure than passwords alone. Bank of West plans to use machine learning-powered voice biometrics technology for fraud detection.Rapid growth of Smartphones to Aid Biometric Software DemandThe biometric software market is also being driven by burgeoning growth of smartphones. Smartphones are now coming equipped with identity authentication such as fingerprint sensor, voice and face recognition. According to biometric research firm Acuity Intelligence, more than 500 biometric smartphone models have been introduced since 1Q 2013.This includes smartphones incorporating fingerprint, iris, and eye vein biometrics from market leaders such as Apple, Samsung, Huawei, Xiaomi, Lenovo, TCL, Oppo, BBK/VIVO, and ZTE. Acuity projects that one billion biometric smartphones are in use today, representing 40% of the global installed base of smartphones.Figure 1: 500 Biometric Smartphone model introduced since 1Q13http://www.acuity-mi.com/BSP.phpThe price of biometric smartphones has dropped dramatically as the market has expanded. New entrants, many focused on emerging markets, have introduced low-end options that are driving the transition from traditional handsets. Since Fujitsu introduced the US Arrows X F-02E in February 2013, followed by the ground-breaking Apple iPhone 5S in September 2013, the quarterly average price of biometric smartphones has dropped from more than $800 to just $277.Figure 2: Price of Biometric Smartphone declininghttp://www.acuity-mi.com/BSP.phpBiometric apps are integrated on mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, enabling the owner of a device to use their biometrics to authenticate their identity. According to Acuity Market Intelligence, mobile biometrics market is projected to reach ~$50.6 billion by 2022, reflecting a CAGR of ~41% during 2016-2020. The mobile biometrics will continue to experience exponential growth due to increased consumer demand for convenient security, particularly for mobile banking and ecommerce.According to Acuity Market Intelligence, more than 3 billion biometrically enabled mobile devices will be in circulation by the end of 2018. This could grow to 5.6 billion devices by 2022. By 2020, it is anticipated that 100% of the mobile devices launched will include biometric software and sensors. According to Juniper, mobile biometrics will be used to authenticate $2 trillion worth of in-store and remote payments annually by 2023. The value of mobile biometric payments is expected to reach $124 billion this year.By 2022, 98% of all mobile devices will be biometrically enabled generating 16.7 billion biometric app downloads and more than 1.37 trillion payment and non-payment mobile devices transactions that require some level of biometric authentication. The mobile biometric solutions market could reach revenues of ~$50.6 billion by 2022, according to Acuity Intelligence.Of these, fingerprint technology is the most common and will be present in 80% of the smartphones by 2020, according to Pareto Securities. This amounts to ~1.3 billion mobile phones excluding Apple iPhone.Biometrics other than fingerprints are also expected to gain popularity for payments in the coming years. One such solution is Mastercard's Identity Check Mobile service, which allows users to scan their fingerprints or take a selfie to validate their identity and make a payment.The adoption of 3D facial recognition technology in mobile devices is also expected to increase going forward. For instance, LG Innotek has partnered with Apple to manufacture 3D facial recognition cameras for iPhone 8.According to Counterpoint research, by 2020 ~60% of all smartphone facial recognition systems will use 3D technology.Only five% of smartphones shipped in 2017 included facial recognition technology, but estimates suggest that the number will rise to 23% in 2018, 40% in 2019, and more than 60% in 2020. According to reports, Samsung is working with Israeli startup, Mantis to integrate 3D facial recognition in its upcoming flagship galaxy S10 smartphone. Canadian startup AIRY3D raised $10 million to bring 3D sensor technology to smartphones in 2019.Focus on E-governance Driving Use of BiometricsAccording to a report by Acuity Intelligence, by the end of 2021, 136 countries will have some kind of National eID program. This includes both chip-based card programs and traditional cards with biometrics. It is estimated that more than 650 million chip-based eIDs integrated with biometric software/system will be in use by 2019. Global National eID Program is expected to generate ~$54 billion in revenue during 2016-2021.On 3 January 2018, Ghana announced issuing eIDs equipped with biometric capabilities to all its citizens. According to reports, Greece is also planning to introduce biometric enabled ID cards for its citizens. Chinese lawmakers have proposed to integrate biometrics (iris recognition) in the national identity system. Jamaican Government has launched a biometric enabled National Identification System which will go live in 2019.Zimbabwe’s government has launched initiative for national face recognition database. Cloudwalk Technology has been selected to implement the same. The Nigerian government has announced the launch of a project to biometrically register entrants into the country to monitor the movement of people, goods, and livestock.The South African Government has also launched its new Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS), as part of its National Identification System. The program will eventually use facial and iris recognition. The Somalian Government has launched a biometric enabled National ID program to enable citizens to access government services and obtain money through government subsidies.Meanwhile, the Philippines is implementing a biometric-based national ID system which is likely to result in savings equaling as much as two percent of the country’s GDP. Even the European Commission has launched a proposal for the inclusion of two fingerprints and a facial image in all national ID cards of EU member states to facilitate easier movement of people. Kenya’s Federal Government will begin a national biometric registration program this year, at an estimated cost of US$30 million to improve government planning, service delivery, and security. Italy is issuing new national eID card embedded with fingerprints and a digital photo. It is being issued by 7,183 of 7,982 municipalities across the country, with the rest expected to follow suit by the end of 2018. The biometric-based eID cards have been declared mandatory for all citizens of Latvia beginning 2023.Singapore’s government has launched a new app that allows citizens to conduct secure digital government transactions using biometrics for authentication. The government plans to create a centralized biometric system as part of its National Digital Identity (NDI) system, beginning with facial recognition, to enable easier use of services by citizens. The Singapore Government is planning to extend the trial of its National Identity Facial Biometric System to banking and healthcare sectors.The global drive towards digitization from governments around the world is driving the rapid adoption of biometrics. This transformation will provide substantial opportunities for biometric software as digital infrastructure (specifically payment and banking transactions) need to be secured.Payment Cards a Big Market for Biometric SoftwareBiometric software solutions have great potential in the financial sector. The use of biometrics in the financial services sector could grow at a CAGR of more than 50% through to 2020. According to Biometric Research Group, financial services will account for one-third of the biometric solutions market by 2020.Almost six out of ten financial transactions are expected to be performed via biometric authentication, primarily via fingerprint sensors in mobile devices by 2020. This includes various payment card solutions, mobile payment services (Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, MiPay) and wearables.According to analytics firm, Goode Intelligence, the biometric solutions market for financial services is estimated to be ~$11 billion by 2020. According to the same firm, there could be 2.6 billion people using biometrics for payment by 2023 and 579 biometric payment cards could be in use by 2023. The biggest growth driver will be payment cards. There are more than four billion payment cards functional in the world. The cards are replaced every alternate year, which pegs the total addressable market at more than two billion cards. According to SEB Group, there will be more than 1.5 billion payment cards with biometric technology by 2020, while other analysts are more cautious with forecast of around half a billion cards by 2020.The recent announcement by IDEMA and Japanese credit card company, JCB to launch a biometric payment card in Japan is evidence of the growing traction of biometric technology. Even Mastercard is conducting trials of the technology in Europe, APAC and Middle-East. In May 2018, the National Bank of Kuwait (NBK) and Mastercard announced a pilot of a credit card with an embedded fingerprint sensor. Mastercard expects to commercially launch contact-based biometric payment card by Q218. Online shoppers in Europe will be able to use biometrics as a way to authenticate payments with Mastercard.In January 2018, Gemalto, a digital security company, launched a biometric card in collaboration with Bank of Cyprus. The card used fingerprint recognition instead of a PIN to authenticate payments. Visa also announced a pilot for biometric enabled payment card in partnership with Mountain America Credit Union and Bank of Cyprus. A recent survey conducted by Visa found that 86% of American consumers are interested in biometric authentication, and 70% believe biometrics are easier to use than passwords.The Japanese payment firm JCB Co is conducting pilot of its latest JCB Biometrics Card with fingerprint authentication. In October 2018, France’s Société Générale announced a biometric payment card trial in collaboration with IDEMIA. In November 2018, 10 Middle Eastern banks announced the start of a pilot experiment to try biometric payment card featuring a built-in fingerprint sensor. The same month certain Asian banks also announced trials of biometric payment cards.The biometric payment cards are getting further push from regulatory tailwinds. In January 2018, the European Union implemented the Second Payment Services Directive (PSD2), a regulation aimed at speeding up transactions and giving third-party firms access to banks’ customer data so that they can build better products. The PSD2 regulations require that consumers verify their identity for every five contactless transactions. The biometric payment cards offer a perfect solution for this given that in-built fingerprint sensors on the card ensures identity confirmation as well as fast processing time.Connected Cars an Emerging Area for BiometricsAccording to Goode Intelligence, biometrics market for connected cars could reach ~$969 million in 2023, growing at a CAGR of ~96% during 2018-2023. Volkswagen unveiled a biometric passenger recognition system controlled by gesture recognition and voice for self-driving cars. Croatian car maker, Rimac Automobili is developing car that unlocks and starts with facial recognition. IDEMIA is planning to launch a new biometric solution for connected cars that will use facial recognition to perform tasks such as opening the vehicle and starting it.Cloud-based biometric authenticationCloud-based biometric authentication is emerging as a key trend in digital services. According to Acuity Market Intelligence, going forward the demand for cloud-based authentication will gain more traction. The research firm forecasts one trillion cloud-based biometric transactions annually by 2022. According to another research firm Goode Intelligence, there will be more than 586 million bank customers using cloud-based biometrics by 2020 for applications such as authentication during service calls, digital onboarding, and cardless cash withdrawals from ATMs.The cloud solutions are cost effective and easily scalable. The recent data breach of ~143 million records at Equifax is another compelling evidence to use additional authentication factors such as biometrics. And cloud-based solutions can make it extremely easy for companies to deploy added security measures.IntelliVision has launched facial recognition technology as a cloud service. Face Recognition as a Service (FRaaS) provides matching in less than a second, providing additional analytical capacity when on-camera processing is not enough.AI Powered Biometric AuthenticationThe biometric authentication solutions are increasingly using artificial intelligence for more effectiveness and automation. Facial recognition systems using deep learning technology are gaining prominence. Panasonic Corporation has announced that it will launch server software for facial recognition powered by deep learning technology in July 2018. Nvidia is collaborating to develop AI and deep learning-powered automatic facial recognition for “smart city” CCTV deployments.Horizon Robotics, a China-based provider of facial recognition systems, is betting heavily on embedded AI as the future of facial recognition. It is launching a new HD smart camera with embedded AI, which the company says delivers facial recognition accuracy up to 99.7% for public safety and retail applications. In November 2018, the company raised ~$1 billion in Series B funding at a valuation of ~$3-$4 billion. US-based video surveillance company Iveda has launched an AI-powered video search appliance with facial recognition capabilities.Palo-Alto based Jumio uses computer vision and machine learning for live verification of credentials. For 2Q18, Jumio reported a 269% increase in sales. In August 2018, it announced opening a new AI lab in Montreal for research into facial recognition speed and accuracy. According to McKinsey, the digital identity verification market will grow between 9 and 15% CAGR, reaching $16 billion to $20 billion by 2022.Researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK have collaborated with a university in Spain to develop an AI-based biometric verification system for airport security. The system is capable of measuring a person’s individual gait or walking pattern and can verify footsteps of an individual. Based on test results, the AI-based system correctly identified an individual almost 100% of the time.According to Mitek Inc, identity verification powered by AI could reduce the costs of Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-money Laundering (AML) processes by 70% and speed up the procedure by up to 80%. The firm noted that cost of customer acquisition for banks remains high (~$300 per customer), with KYC and AML requirements accounting for half of that cost.A pair of Chinese AI facial recognition companies, SenseTime and CloudWalk receiving major investments in November 2017. SenseTime raised $600 million in Series C funding to support its AI platform. SenseTime’s facial biometric systems are deployed at more than 40 railway stations and several airports in China. In May 2018, voice technology startup Yobe secured $1.8 million in seed funding to accelerate the commercialization of its artificial intelligence-powered voice biometrics. The company’s technology is useful particularly in noisy environments to identify certain voices from others.Another Chinese biometric firm looking to raise capital is Megvii. The company has raised ~$600 million in funding so far. The funding will be used to accelerate the development of unmanned retail stores. These shops use biometric and AI technology to serve up customers without human assistance. In September 2018, Megvii announced partnership with smartphone component makers to bring facial biometric payments to Android devices. In another funding, Chinese facial recognition software developer YITU Technology raised $100 million.AI-based biometric solutions are seeing solid traction in many industries including retail. US-based DeepCam has launched an AI-based biometric solution for retailers that identifies shoplifting and other suspicious behaviors. Another autonomous retail startup, Standard Cognition raised $40 million in Series A funding. The company identifies shoppers based on their shape and movement, rather than facial recognition.1.3 ApplicationsHealthcare: Biometric software is used in the healthcare industry for patient identification and staff authentication.New regulations such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the US are driving the trend of greater digitization of sensitive data, and the need to accurately identify patients. Biometric solution ensures that sensitive patient records can only be accessed by authorized personnel such as hospital staff. According to Biometrics Research Group, the total market for biometric solutions in the health care market will reach approximately $5 billion by 2020.There have been many cases of healthcare fraud across the globe. In fact medical identity theft is a growing crime. Medical records often contain a sensitive personal and financial information, such as social security numbers, birth dates, credit card details and bank account numbers. ImageWare Systems product, GoVerifyID, is also being used in the healthcare industry to e nsure that correct health records are being tied to the right patient.There were more data breaches in the health care sector in 2015 than in any other critical infrastructure sector, according to a new report from the Health Care Industry Cybersecurity Task Force. According to Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology, ~47% of people in the US had their personal data compromised in 2015. Biometric solutions can help prevent such cases.Biometric solutions are of great help in tracking and identifying patients. This is of tremendous use in countries which are trying to locate patients who can get benefit from public health care programs. Often, money allocated to such programs do not reach the right recipients due to difficulty in confirming the identity of the person. US-based healthcare provider CoxHealth will deploy palm vein biometric verification technology to ease the customer check-in process while ensuring patients are identified and treated correctly.The Government of India plans to create a national biometric database using its flagship scheme named “Aadhar” to deploy its universal healthcare program. The use of fingerprint devices has helped to eliminate fraud in Mexico’s national vaccination program and other healthcare initiatives that provide millions of underprivileged citizens with subsidies for medicine and medical care.Biometric solutions are being increasingly deployed for real-time remote monitoring of patients. It helps doctors ensure remotely that a patient has taken medication as prescribed. Many such devices are being rolled out in the market. Companies such as ImageWare Systems, Oleo Sensor Networks have already launched such devices.On a similar note, companies are now using biometric solutions to store medical records of patients. SmartMetric announced that it had created a biometrics-secured smart card that stores an individuals’ medical files, including scans and images.Biometric solutions are now being tried even for medical bill payments. Alipay’s face recognition technology has been deployed at a hospital in China to offer a facial recognition-based medical bill payment services.Banking: The financial services sector has emerged as a primary end-user market for biometrics technology worldwide. According to Biometric Research Group, financial services will account for nearly a third of the overall biometric revenues by 2020. According to Gemalto’s eBanking Trends report, ~68% of banks plan to implement facial recognition in the next five years.By the end of 2020, 1.9 billion customers could be using biometrics for a variety of financial services, including ATM cash withdrawals, digital onboarding, and mobile bank app authentication, according to Goode Intelligence. Biometrics in the global financial sector is driven by an increased emphasis on protecting ?nancial transactions from fraud, identity theft and security breaches.According to GlobalData’s 2018 Consumer Payments Insight Survey, ~16% of consumers have been victims of payment fraud over the past four years worldwide. According to Forrester Consulting, a Fortune 100 multinational bank has saved $24 million over three years in avoided fraud incidents and operational savings by using biometric authentication and solutions.Biometric software can provide accurate identification of both customers at the point of service and employees performing transactions on the back end. According to JPMorgan and Chase, biometric security features for trading mobile apps are enabling traders to make $100 million and more deals on mobile devices.Many banks have set up biometric ATMs which require fingerprints to withdraw money. Biometric solutions are also increasingly used for mobile banking. Singapore-based OCBC bank has enabled Apple’s Face ID authentication system for logging into its mobile app. While Spanish bank BBVA is using Samsung iris scanning for mobile log-in. Malaysia’s largest bank, Maybank, unveiled a Face ID and voice recognition solution for its customers using their app.iPhone owners in the TSB or Tesco banks in the UK are now able to use Apple’s Face ID to access the mobile app and make payments. Financial Institutions in Latin America are deploying biometric multi-factor authentication to enhance identity verification of customers and protect their accounts. 120 million consumers had used mobile biometrics to secure banking transactions in 2015, according to a report from Goode Intelligence.Mexico’s National Banking and Security Commission has set October 2018 deadline to deploy fingerprint identification technology across financial institutions. In May 2018, the National Bank of Kuwait (NBK) and Mastercard announced a pilot of a credit card with an embedded fingerprint sensor in the country to improve online and in-store shopping experiences.Many other Mexican financial services organizations are deploying biometric technologies such as fingerprint scanners in order to meet the regulatory CNBV 2018 biometric security mandate to protect customer privacy and prevent identity theft, fraud and money laundering.Citibank has introduced voice authentication to identify customers contacting its service hotline. The process reduces the time necessary for customer verification from 45 to 15 seconds. HSBC has added Face ID for its corporate mobile customers. South Africa-based First National Bank (FNB) is rolling out 50 self-service kiosks with fingerprint user verification. The kiosks will allow customers to perform payments, transfers, open new accounts. Australian technology provider TAS has partnered with Alibaba to develop facial recognition systems for Australia’s financial services sector.Singapore’s central bank is implementing facial recognition technology for KYC authentication using fintech company, Finda System’s proprietary solutions. Customers can also use facial recognition authentication to report a lost or stolen bank card, rather than providing information over the phone.By the end of 2019, all Russian banks branches are required to connect to a unified biometric system. The biometric system is intended to enable secure remote banking services, such as money transfers. France’s Société Générale has announced a new capability which allows customers to open an account online with biometric facial recognition. Turkey’s Akbank has deployed facial recognition technology for mobile banking authentication.G+D Mobile Security is launching new authentication solutions using biometrics such as fingerprint, face, iris, and voice credentials, to deliver high levels of security for banks and end-customers. National Bank of Australia announced plans to launch new ATMs that enables clients to withdraw cash using facial recognition technology.Argentina’s Banco Nacion will deploy biometric technology which will enable customers to securely access financial institution’s product portfolio with just a selfie. New Zealand bank ASB has rolled out a new biometrics-based mobile ID app for all clients.Travel: According to SITA, the number of air travel passengers is expected to reach 7.6 billion by 2036, which is driving the adoption of biometrics as the top solution for automating identity checks. The report also indicates that 71% of airlines and 77% of airports are planning major programs or research and development in biometric ID management. According to Acuity Market Intelligence, airport biometric authentication market is forecasted at $156 million in 2018. It is expected to generate ~$1.3 billion in revenue from the deployment of more than 16,300 eGates and kiosks over the next five years. Many countries around the globe are planning to introduce contactless biometric identification technology at the airports for seamless passenger movement.Australia’s Department of Immigration and Border Protection will soon trial “contactless” biometric technology at Sydney and Canberra’s international airports. The pilot program which is a part of the government’s ‘seamless traveler’ initiative, will allow visitors to walk directly to their baggage without having to display their passports. If successful, the technology will be rolled out at airports across the country.In October 2017, US Customs and Border Protection has deployed facial recognition-based biometric exit technology at Miami International Airport for a select outbound flight. Singapore’s Changi Airport is now open with biometric screening enabled by IDEMIA which uses its MorphoFace technology. South Korea’s Gimpo International Airport and Jeju International Airport will adopt biometrics authentication systems as well.The US Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is testing facial recognition and enhanced body scanner technology at the Tom Bradley International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airport. The facial recognition pilot will automate the identification and boarding pass verification process. Lufthansa is piloting its biometric enabled boarding solution at Los Angeles International Airport and will soon roll-out at more US gateways and other passenger touchpoints across the United States.Colombia’s El Dorado International Airport is implementing iris recognition technology to speed up identity authentication and reduce bottlenecks in the immigration process. Huawei has launched its Smart Airport 2.0 Solution, which provides facial recognition technology to advance passengers quickly from security check to boarding.Seattle International Airport joined the latest list of airports to use facial recognition technology for boarding of passengers. Qantas Airways has also announced it will trial an end-to-end facial recognition security system for passengers departing from Sydney Airport, beginning with automated check-in, bag drop, lounge access and boarding.Honk Kong International Airport (HKIA) announced the launch of new biometric self-service e-Security gates. The airport plans to deploy 44 of the gates by the first quarter of 2019, to provide superior document checking accuracy and reduce the time for verification.The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) announced plans to run a pilot in which travelers will use biometric technology at the airports for their round-trip between Dallas Fort Worth International Airport and London. In November 2018, JetBlue rolled-out its first biometric self-boarding gate at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport for customers flying to select international destinations. Qantas Airways is also piloting facial recognition technology for both self check-in and replacing passport and boarding pass screenings.Law Enforcement: Biometric is gaining ground in law enforcement. The law enforcement market includes the use of biometrics to identify or verify the identity of criminals. As per the Biometrics Research Group, the global law enforcement biometrics market will grow to $18 billion by 2020.According to the US department of defense, 30,000 illegal migrations were reported in 2015 which belonged from countries linked with terrorist activities. The use of biometric authentication helps in identifying individuals entering the country. Various biometric solutions including fingerprints, face recognition as well as behavioral patterns are used by law enforcement agencies.In November 2017, the FBI purchased 450 units of mobile fingerprint scanners developed by Integrated Biometrics. NEC Corp, is developing a facial recognition technology to meet increasing demand for safety measures to be implemented during sports events and high-profile public events. The facial recognition system allows individuals on a watch list to be identified on the spot in images of a camera that is monitoring a crowd. The Philippines military announced plans to acquire facial recognition software systems for aid in terror intelligence gathering. The Russian military is also testing automatic facial recognition system that will shorten the time needed to check people at large events to 10 seconds.The UK Home Office and West Yorkshire Police have deployed 250 mobile fingerprint scanners on a trial basis, which will allow police to identify suspects in the field in less than a minute. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department is using biometric identification solution since the beginning of 2018 for faster criminal identification.The police in China have been piloting a sunglass fitted with facial recognition technology to scan faces of travelers. The glasses are linked to a central database which contains details of criminal records.Ecuador has cut its crime rate by 24% using facial recognition and other monitoring technology. Ecuador installed the biometric enabled security across its 24 provinces for use by the police, armed forces, and fire brigade in November 2016.Similarly, lie detecting robots with biometric sensors are being deployed in airports. The robot uses behavioural biometric solutions including eye detection software to pick up on eye movements and other traits that indicate a person is lying. Once suspicion arise, the robot can flag the passenger for further inspection.The European Commission has proposed that identity cards for EU citizens be required to include biometric images in order to limit the use of fraudulent documents by criminals and extremists. The Jamaican government is also considering deploying public CCTV surveillance program with facial recognition for safety and security purpose.Singapore’s government is also planning to pilot smart city facial recognition system. The system is intended to perform crowd analytics and support follow-up investigations in the event of a terrorism incident. It is also trialing iris recognition technology to confirm the identity of travelers at some border crossings to improve public safety. The Somalian Government is installing ten-digit fingerprint readers at its ports of entry to screen against national and international alert lists for suspected criminals.The Orlando Police Department is testing Amazon’s facial recognition technology, Rekognition for crime detection and prevention. London Metropolitan Police are also planning to run more trials of automated facial recognition technology this year. New Mexico is planning to procure biometric iris recognition technology to ensure the correct identity of inmates being booked into and released from the jail. Even the Scotland’s national police are considering implementing iris recognition technology to reduce paperwork.The Australian state of Western Australia is planning to trial facial recognition technology for enforcing bans on purchasing alcohol by certain individuals who have history of violent behavior. Chinese authorities have installed facial recognition systems at two border checkpoints between Hong Kong and Shenzhen to prevent the illegal transportation of goods.Kenya’s National Police Service has launched a facial recognition system for CCTV cameras installed along major roads and highways. The system will issue alerts to law enforcement when a suspect is identified.Workforce Management: Biometric solutions are great way for labour management, workforce productivity and time and attendance recording. Biometric time and attendance solutions have a positive impact on improving employee productivity. Buddy punching is a practice where one employee swipes the badge or marks attendance for other employee in their absence. The American Payroll Association (APA) concluded that buddy punching is an issue that affects nearly 75% of U.S. businesses and cost companies up to 7% of their gross payroll.US-based TempWorks Software has launched a mobile app that allows temporary workers to track time and attendance using facial recognition. An independent study put the total cost of buddy punching to US businesses at $373 million annually. Biometric solutions make it almost impossible for employees to game the system. Since, each biometric identity is unique, it is almost impossible to punch for others which results in timely attendance and payroll savings for an organization.A South Carolina-based non-profit organization recently deployed an iris recognition system to track the hours of paid staff and volunteers.Welfare Schemes: Biometrics are of significant help in smooth running of national welfare schemes. Biometric identities ensure that the deserving recipient receives the aid. The use of duplicate identities can lead to significant losses in national welfare systems.Governments are now turning to biometrics as a way to minimize losses from welfare scheme frauds. Common biometric technologies such as fingerprint scan or retinal scan are used to confirm the identity and ensure that only qualified individuals receive the aid. Many governments now use biometrically enabled documents such as national ID cards and passports to verify identities before benefits can be collected.For instance, the Nigerian federal government has implemented the biometric identification solution to register and track half a million federal employees. This helps to eliminate fictitious identities or ghost workers who were illegally receiving payroll benefits. Ecuador’s government is issuing biometric-based ID cards to its refugee population to facilitate access to jobs, banking, and other services. The Jordanian Government is using iris recognition point of sale devices to boost the financial inclusion of Syrian refugees in the region. More than 2.3 million Syrian refugees have been registered so far, making them eligible to use selected ATMs or pay for goods at participating stores through iris recognition. The Zambian Government has rolled out a biometric solution that has been used to distribute $22 million in subsidies to rural areas within three months.The Government of India is planning to procure 270,000 biometric scanners to bring banking services to household doorsteps. The Nigerian government is partnering with biometric technology providers as a means to improve financial inclusion and service delivery. It aims to bring 70 million unbanked people into Nigeria’s financial system by 2020.1.4 ChallengesAccuracy: The biometric solutions rely on people's physical characteristics (eyes, face, iris), there is no guarantee these will remain 100% unchanged over time, which can affect the accuracy of biometrics. Further, the hardware used for capturing the biometric characteristics could also malfunction thereby affecting the accuracy.Security: It is another major concern as biometric information which is typically stored electronically in a database could be stolen. Biometric samples can also be obtained from compromised biometric databases if organisations have not implemented their biometric systems securely.With hackers getting more sophisticated and active, the threat is further increasing. The hackers have the capability to steal and then replicate biometric records. This raises serious concern that the individual's identity could be permanently compromised since biometric characteristics cannot be changed like a password or identity card.Privacy: Biometrics contain information about individuals which is used to identify them. This raises serious privacy concerns. In cases, where biometric information is stored in a centralized database, privacy concerns are higher. The biometric data could be used for purposes other than for which it was intended. As such, measures should be taken to ensure biometric data will only be used for the intended authentication purpose, and users have provided the necessary consent before the use of biometrics.2. Leading Companies2.1 Apple Inc. (Nasdaq: AAPL)Apple Inc. designs, manufactures and markets consumer electronic products such as smartphones, personal computers, and portable digital music players. The most prominent products include: iPhone, iPad and Mac (a line of desktop computers). Other products include Apple TV and Apple Watch. The company has been deploying various biometric technologies for its products including iPhone, iPad.Apple products are already integrated with fingerprint technology for user authentication. The recently launched iPhone is equipped with Face ID, a facial recognition feature that replaces the Touch ID fingerprint sensor which was used in earlier iPhone models. Face ID can be used to unlock the iPhone and to authenticate payments on Apple Pay. Apple has launched multiple new iPads and iPhones with FaceID this year. According to reports, Apple is planning to launch next generation AirPods that will feature biometric sensors or instance, to monitor heart rate.Touch ID: is a fingerprint identity sensor that makes it easy for a user to unlock their device. Touch ID comes integrated with iPhone, iPad, and MacBook Pro and provides an easy way to use fingerprint instead of a password for many common operations. With just a touch of your finger, the sensor quickly reads the fingerprint and automatically unlocks the device. Touch ID can read multiple fingerprints, and it can read fingerprints in 360-degrees of orientation. It then creates a mathematical representation of the fingerprint and compares this to the enrolled data to identify a match and unlock the device.Face ID: provides authentication using facial recognition. Face ID unlocks phone with a glance and can be used to authorize purchases from iTunes Store, App Store, iBooks Store, and payments with Apple Pay. Apps that already support Touch ID would also support Face ID. Face ID adapts to changes in appearance such as makeup/facial hair.According to news reports, Apple plans to integrate Face ID in all three of the new iPhone models it releases this year.In addition, reports point to Face ID being added to Apple Watch as well.It may also be included in the new iPad which is expected to be launched in fall of 2018.It is also part of the new iPad that was launched in late October 2018.Various Biometric PatentsAcoustic Fingerprint: Apple has received a patent for acoustic fingerprint imaging technology which is accurate enough to effectively replace existing Touch ID optical readers.Voice Biometric Patent: Apple has filed a voice biometric patent which will allow Siri to only recognize voice of the device owner. This will ensure that only device owner can access Siri.Emergency Call Patent: Apple has received a patent for a technology that would sense the manner in which a finger touched the iPhone screen to trigger a 911 call.Unauthorized Access Patent: Apple has been granted patent for tracking unauthorized users attempting to access iPhone, tablet or MacBook by capturing biometric details of individual.Vein Imaging: Apple has been granted the patent for scanning the pattern of veins in a face for biometric authentication. This could lead to Apple's Face ID becoming even more secure in the future.Ultrasonic Fingerprint: Apple has been granted the patent for an ultrasonic fingerprint sensor system for integration on both the front and back of smartphones.Latest Key Financial Data(In US$ million) September 24, 2016 September 30, 2017Revenue 215,639 229,234Operating Income 60,024 61,344Net Income 45,687 48,351Total Assets 321,686 375,319Total Equity 128,249 134,047Figure 3: LTM Price Performance vs. SPX 500http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/aapl/stock-chart?intraday=offandtimeframe=1yandsplits=offandearnings=offandmovingaverage=Noneandlowerstudy=volumeandcomparison=onandindex=sp500anddrilldown=off2.2 Fujitsu (TSE: 6702)Fujitsu is the leading Japanese information and communication technology (ICT) company offering a full range of technology products, solutions and services. The company is promoting two biometric technologies in the market: 1) Palm vein authentication system; and 2) Capacitive fingerprint sensors.Fujitsu has partnered with Sensory Inc. to assist more banks, financial institutions, enterprises and others in adopting face biometrics authentication (TrulySecure) within their mobile apps. The first customer of the partnership is Mizuho Bank, which will be integrating TrulySecure facial recognition into their mobile banking app.Fujitsu reported revenues of ¥4,098 billion for year ended March 31, 2018.For the first half of 2018, the company reported revenue of ¥1,834.5 billion, down 4.6% YOY. For full year 2018, the company expects revenue to be ~¥3,900 billion.Key TechnologiesPalm Vein Authentication: The Fujitsu palm vein scanner captures the hand's vein pattern using near-infrared light to create a \"vein map\". Over 140,000 palm vein patterns have been tested by Fujitsu, resulting in a very low false acceptance rate and false rejection rate. Vein systems are difficult to forge as vein patterns are difficult to recreate. These are contactless as well which improves hygiene concerns and user acceptance.The Fujitsu palm vein sensors are best for high-security, multi-user applications such as ATM's and kiosks, door lock and integrated building security systems and other security systems where throughput, low false-rejection rate and improved forgery protection are important.The company launched the world’s smallest palm vein biometric sensor. In January 2018, Fujitsu announced deployment of Palm Vein Authentication internally for Fujitsu employee for virtual desktop and door access authentication. It will replace the password-based authentication used by approximately 80,000 employees in Japan.Fujitsu has partnered with Microsoft to offer palm vein authentication as part of Windows Hello, a key biometric authentication feature of Windows 10.Fujitsu also developed a new line of palm vein scanning solutions, F-Pro, primarily for retail customers. The F-pro has also been EPCS certified which positions it to be used across the healthcare space as well. The EPCS regulation is a rule set by the US Drug Enforcement Administration to guide the use of modern technologies in healthcare. The company reported that the sales of its palm vein authentication system had surpassed the one million-unit mark. The company estimates the 73 million people in 60 countries around the world use the technology on a daily basis.Fujitsu in partnership with Japan-based AEON Credit Service is expected to test the use of palm-vein technology for cardless payments at retail stores in Japan beginning September 2018. The Japanese Racing Association has partnered with Fujitsu to deploy its palm vein based kiosks at its racecourses to allow users to place bets and collect payouts.In September 2018, the company unveiled a new integrated non-contact palm vein and facial biometric system for retail payments. The company is collaborating with Hungary’s BioSec to develop biometric venue access control solution names StadiumGuard. The solution uses contactless palm vein scanners, allowing registered individuals to gain entry into large-scale venues with the wave of a hand.Capacitive Fingerprint Sensors: are small silicon devices that measure the varying capacitance of skin to capture the fingerprint data. The fingerprint sensors are small in size, requires low power and are less costly. The Fujitsu fingerprint sensors are best for devices such as cell phones, USB flash drives, notebook computers and other applications where price, size, cost and low power are key requirements.Figure 4: Palm Vein Authenticationhttp://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/COMP/fcpa/biometrics/biometric-offerings.pdfFigure 5: Fingerprint Sensorhttp://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/COMP/fcpa/biometrics/biometric-offerings.pdfKey OfferingsPalmSecure: This is a highly reliable biometric authentication system based on palm vein pattern recognition technology. It is highly accurate with extremely low false rates, and is completely contactless device which provides ease of use for the users. The device can be used across various applications including time and attendance, government identity management systems, ATMs/kiosks authentication.Biometric-as-a-Service: Fujitsu in collaboration with ImageWare Systems launched a cloud-based identity platform. The platform provides pay per use, plug-n-play biometric-enabled solutions that enable support for more than 50 biometric devices while permitting multiple modalities such as voice, facial and fingerprint applications.AuthConductor Client: On February 16, 2018, Fujitsu announced launch of new biometric authentication software for PCs, the Fujitsu Security Solution AuthConductor Client. It is specifically designed for PCs and can replace IDs and passwords.Recent ContractsIn March 2018, the company won a $38.7 million contract from the UK Home Office to provide a Biometric Matcher Services Platform (BMPS).Latest Key Financial Data(In Yen billions) March 31, 2017 March 31, 2018Revenue 4,132 4,098Operating Income 117 182Net Income 95 177Total Assets 3,191 3,121Total Equity 881 1,087Figure 6: LTM Price performance vs. NIKKEI Indexhttps://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/6702/charts?countrycode=jp2.3 NEC Corporation (TYO: 6701)NEC Corporation, based in Japan, is one of the leading providers of biometric solutions. NEC’s identification technologies include finger/palm print, DNA and face recognition solutions. NEC’s face recognition technology #1 in the world and outperforms all other face recognition systems in matching accuracy and speed, and reliability.NEC has worked closely with governments around the globe and developed solutions for identification infrastructure projects including national IDs, e-passports, border automation, voter registration and other identification solutions. In July 2018, NEC won several contracts worth $8 million from Australian government agency to implement and manage facial recognition system.NEC Corporation will be providing a facial recognition system for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The system will be used to verify the identity of athletes, officials, other staff members and media representatives at the Games. NEC’s facial recognition technology will also be deployed for the Rugby World Cup, which is taking place in April 2019.In August 2018, South Wales Police reported significant improvement in face recognition accuracy after implementing new NEC solution. The same month, NEC announced investing ~$19.5 million in US-based startup, Tascent to enhance its presence in iris biometric space.NEC launched its Open Innovation Centre in Singapore to foster innovation and partnerships with the private and public sectors. The company also provided facial recognition system and a behavior detection system for the 18th Asian Games held in Indonesia in August 2018. NEC Corp in collaboration with Arm Technology is developing new biometric solutions for smart cities. It plans to begin a proof of concept hospitality project with smart check-in and smart shopping features using facial authentication later this year.Key ProductsNeoFace Watch: This is a high-performance face recognition software application. According to tests conducted by the NIST laboratories, NeoFace Watch is much faster and more accurate than other competitors. It has an error rate of less than half of the nearest competitor and handles 3.02 million searches per second, significantly faster than the competitor.In November 2017, NeoFace was implemented at Taipei, Taiwan for managing a multi-sport event for university athletes.OCBC Bank in Singapore is also testing NEC’s NeoFace to improve customer service. The system instantly identifies OCBC Premier Banking customers in real-time as they approach the bank enabling staff to give a more personalized and pleasant customer experience.It has been deployed at eight airports via US Customs and Border Protection's (CBP) Biometric Exit pilot program.Algerian smartphone manufacturer Bomare plans to integrate NEC’s facial recognition software in its Android devices to authorize access to applications for a variety of uses, including online payments.In July 2018, the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) announced plans to use NeoFace facial recognition technology to enhance safety of LPGA tour events. In August 2018, the National Soccer Hall of Fame announced plans to use NeoFace facial recognition technology to create a custom-tailored tour of the Hall of Fame tour for guests.Hybrid Finger Scanner: This uses a combination of fingerprint and fingerprint vein to authentic the identity. The solution developed by NEC is completely contactless. Fingerprints can be copied, but there's no way to copy vein data. Combining fingerprints and vein data, these 2 biometric data increases overall recognition accuracy and prevents identity fraud. The contactless scan ensures hygiene and user acceptance. NEC's fingerprint identification systems are used by many customers worldwide including the Department of Justice in California.Border Control Terminals: NEC provides automated border control terminals, which incorporate its highly recognized finger and face recognition technology along with its fast processing software. Biometrics immigration identification and clearance systems are used at Japanese and several other Asian international airports.Case StudiesNEC's Face Recognition Software used by Stadium in Medellin, ColombiaThe municipal government of Medellin has deployed NEC's face recognition system, NeoFace Watch, at its football stadium. There is often instances of violence between supporters of local football teams. Manually checking the tens of thousands of people at the entrance of the stadium is not feasible. The local authorities were looking at tools to help identify trouble makers and keep them out of sight. The policymakers then deployed NeoFace® Watch, which is the fastest and most accurate face recognition system on the market, able to identify millions of images per second.Using this highly reliable system, the employees of the arena are able to keep people with a history of violence out of the stadium.Biometric Voter ID SolutionThe government of Bolivia wanted to gather biometric data of Bolivian citizens living in and outside the country so as to create accurate and reliable voter list that can be used for national elections. As a result, NEC helped install 3,000 enrollment terminals with biometric data gathering capabilities. The terminals were equipped with fingerprint, signature and facial recognition technologies.NEC’s Face Recognition Technology Being Tested by Burger ChainUS burger chain CaliBurger has launched a new point-of-sale system that lets customers order using facial recognition technology developed by NEC Corporation. Currently, CaliBurger is testing the kiosk at a single location in Pasadena, California. If all goes well, the chain plans to roll out the self-ordering, face-recognizing kiosk at all locations in 2018.NEC recently successfully completed three safety and security test bed projects with Singapore's Government to develop a next generation security solution, which used NeoFace facial and fingerprint recognition software.Los Angeles Police Agency Using NEC’s Multimodal Identification SolutionThe Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (LASD) has deployed NEC’s multimodal identification biometric solution for criminal identification needs. The solution was fully implemented in early January 2018, and in the first seven days of its use, it matched 107 open cases with known offenders, including two cold case murders.NeoFace Used in Banking SectorOCBC Bank in Singapore has been using facial recognition technology developed by NEC to identify premier banking customers. NEC’s AI engine for face recognition identifies premier banking customers in real-time as they approach the bank, enabling staff to give the client a more personalized and better experience.Latest Key Financial Data(In Yen billions) March 31, 2017 March 31, 2018Revenue 2,665 2,844Operating Income 41 63Net Income 35 60Total Assets 2,683 2,821Total Equity 854 880Figure 7: LTM Price Performance vs. NIKKEI Indexhttps://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/6701/charts?countrycode=jp2.4 BioEnable TechnologiesBioEnable Technologies is a leader in identification, automation and tracking solutions. Founded in 2001, the company caters to customers in more than 150 countries. BioEnable is well known as leading supplier of Biometric Fingerprint recognition products and software solutions in the Asia-Pacific with more than 20000 installations. BioEnable has launched innovative products based on Biometric, Active RFID and GPS Tracking technologies.BioEnable has launched a biometric kiosk with identification and verification features for its banking operations.Key Products:Fingerprint Scanners: These are fingerprint recognition devices that are integrated with fingerprint recognition software. The scanners deliver fast, accurate and reliable results for identification, verification and enrollment programs. Some of the products include Fingkey Hamster DX, eNBioScan-C1, Fingkey Hamster III and eNBioScan-D Plus.The company also provides fingerprint scanners for android which can work with mobile phones and tablets. It is perfectly suitable for Government / Semi Government / Banking Projects related to identity management and National ID.Figure 8: Fingkey Hamster DXhttps://www.bioenabletech.com/fingerprint-scannersFigure 9: eNBioScan-C1https://www.bioenabletech.com/fingerprint-scannersFace Recognition System: The company provides face recognition time and attendance systems.Iris Scanner: This is a compact USB-based biometric device used for Iris capture and Iris recognition.BioEnable Technologies is one of key suppliers of biometric software and solutions for Indian Government's flagship national ID enrolment program, Aadhar2.5 ImageWare Systems (OTC: IWSY)ImageWare Systems provides identity management solutions driven by biometrics technology. ImageWare's products support multi-modal biometric authentication including, face, voice, fingerprint, iris, palm, and more.The products are used by governments as well as law enforcement agencies. The company's products are used to manage and issue secure credentials including national IDs, passports, driver licenses and access control credentials. It also provides law enforcement with integrated mug shot, LiveScan fingerprint and investigative capabilities.Earlier this year, ImageWare’s product “GoVerifyID” was awarded as the most innovative product in the entire biometrics industry by Frost and Sullivan. According to the management, it Finalized the integration of biometric identity management and credentialing software into five Alaskan airports. GoVerifyID is also being used in the healthcare industry to ensure that correct health record is being tied to the right patient. On 19 September 2017, the company raised ~$11 million via issue of Series A preferred stock.In September 2018, the company raised ~$8.9 million via preferred stock private placement.The company reported revenues of $4.3 million in 2017, up 14% YOY. However, net loss for the year was $13.7 million, compared with only $10.9 million in 2016. For Q318, the company reported revenue of $736,000 million, compared with $1.08 million in the same period last year. Total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, was $3.3 million versus $3.1 million in the prior year period.The company entered the large and potentially lucrative healthcare market in Q417. LifeMed ID, a healthcare solutions provider, has partnered with ImageWare to use GoVerifyID to provide multi-modal biometric authentication to patient identity in healthcare. In 1Q18, a federal government client who had been using GoVerifyID for more than five years made a $730,000 purchase of additional license.In July 2018, the company announced the opening of a Tokyo office to support the increase in sales occurring in Asia. The same month, the company announced a number of large deals. Among those are Blackrock and Bank of Canada, both of which will use company’s multi-modal biometric security for their employees.The company plans to release its biometric-enabled real-time remote medication monitoring system named “pillphone”. It will help doctors ensure remotely that a patient has taken medication as prescribed.Key ProductsIWS Biometric Engine: This is a patented biometric identity management software platform for enrollment, management and authentication, managing population databases of virtually unlimited sizes. IWS Biometric Engine is scalable, and biometric images and templates could be enrolled either live or offline. The IWS Biometric Engine is built to be hardware agnostic, and supports approximately 100 hardware capture devices and approximately 70 biometric algorithms.On 10 November 2017,IWS Biometric Engine received patent by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office which provides intellectual property rights to Imageware for a multi-modal, agnostic biometric authentication system in Canada.GoVerifyID: This is a multi-modal biometric authentication solution for the enterprise market. It allows an organization to quickly, easily and inexpensively add face, voice, and fingerprint authentication into any existing security process.The company entered into an agreement with Fujitsu to support mobile devices and actively market the GoVerifyID suite of products in Europe, Middle East, India, Africa and the Americas.The agreement is now extended to Canada, Mexico, Caribbean along with rest of Americas. GoVerifyID suite has been integrated with IBM Security Access Manager as well.GoVerifyID added new authentication methods. It now provides palm image recognition in addition to face, voice, and fingerprint recognition along with a 6-digit secret pin.The company expanded its suite with the launch of GoVerifyID Digital Identity Transformation Platform that provides digital onboarding and digital identity management capabilities.IWS Law Enforcement: This software solution enables agencies to capture, search, retrieve, and share digital images, fingerprints and other biometrics as well as criminal history records on wireless or web-based platform.Latest Key Financial Data(In $US thousands) December 31, 2016 December 31, 2017Revenue 3,812 4,293Operating Income (9,462) (9,727)Net Income (10,874) (13,714)Total Assets 5,680 11,604Total Equity (1,260) 1,148Figure 10: LTM Price Performance vs. SPX 500http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/iwsy/stock-chart?intraday=offandtimeframe=1yandsplits=offandearnings=offandmovingaverage=Noneandlowerstudy=volumeandcomparison=onandindex=sp500anddrilldown=off2.6 M2SYSFounded in 1998 and headquartered in Atalanta, Georgia, the company provides biometric identity management solutions to customer around the world. Its solutions have application across various verticals including government, public safety, workforce management, healthcare, consumer, and financial service.The company has been recognized as key player in Biometric Authentication and Identification market among others by Wiseguyreports.com and as a key vendor for Fingerprint market.Key SolutionsHybrid Biometric Platform: This is a biometric software system that supports several types of biometric devices, including fingerprint, finger vein, palm vein, and iris recognition.Automatic Biometric Identity Solution: This can tackle large scale multi-modal biometric projects in areas such as law enforcement, national ID, and border control.RightPatient: This is a biometric solution primarily used by hospitals to authenticate the identity of the patient.RightPunch: This is a biometric solution that enables workforce management and allows organizations to improve productivity and also eliminate buddy punching practice.CloudABIS: a new cloud-based biometric identity management platform. It can be used for a range of applications including border control, voter registration, time and attendance tracking. It supports multiple modalities such as iris, facial, finger vein and fingerprint biometrics.Bio-Plugin: is a software development kit (SDK) that allows developers to rapidly integrate biometric technology into their solutions or applications.Case StudiesNigerian Biometric voter registration project: The Nigerian government was looking at a solution that can authenticate the identities of its citizens, especially during elections, with instances of duplicate registrations and proxy voting that casts a shadow of doubt over elections. M2SYS Technology provided the government with 10,000 fingerprint scanners and biometric software to help register over 20 million of 71 million voters for their biometric voter registration exercise.Biometric system for Iraqi border patrol security: Previously border control agents were manually recording visitors and processing corresponding administrative paperwork manually, which was a cumbersome task. In addition, there were concerns over authenticating the identities of individuals coming in the city. Due to prevailing insurgency, the safety of residents was a big concern for the government. As a result, M2SYS provided the government with its Hybrid Biometric Platform, which uses fingerprint technology to automate border control check in2.7 Precise Biometrics (STO: PREC)Headquartered in Sweden, the company is a leading supplier of solutions for secure authentication of people’s identity. The company develops and sells fingerprint software and mobile smart card readers. Precise is organized into two main business areas: 1) Fingerprint Technology and 2) Mobile Smart Card Solutions (Tactivo). Precise will divest its Tactivo business to German company, Identos, by January 2018.The company reported full year 2017 sales of SEK 61 million, a decline of 26.7% from the prior year period. For the third quarter of 2018, its sales were SEK16.8 million, up 66% YOY compared to SEK10.1 million in the prior year period. For the first nine months of 2018, sales totaled SEK53.6 million, up 14.5% compared to SEK46.8 million in 9M17.The company announced the appointment of Ulrik Nilsson as its new CFO. The company has been looking for a new CFO since Goran Thuresson announced his resignation in June 2018.Precise Biometrics has unveiled its revised strategy for addressing the biometric technology market. The company noted that it plans to pivot from a focus on fingerprint technologies for mobile devices to developing solutions for uniting various biometric modalities. The company will develop solutions across sectors including finance, gaming, medical, and security. The company plans to open an office in Shanghai to address the growing demand from Asia.Key SolutionsFingerprint Technology: This is the largest and fastest growing business area for Precise Biometrics. It develops and sells fingerprint software for secure authentication of people's identity. The software can be easily integrated with mobile devices, smart cards and other products with fingerprint sensors. The product is primarily sold directly to the sensor manufacturers. The software is integrated in almost 200 mobile phone models from over 40 manufacturers. Precise also sells fingerprint software for national ID cards. The company is supplying fingerprint software for smart cards to the first pilot project in the USA with biometric payment cards, which is being conducted by Visa and Mountain America Credit Union. The company provides three main fingerprint software solutions as stated below:Precise BioMatch Mobile: This is the industry leading fingerprint software for mobiles and tablets offering a convenient and secure authentication. The fingerprint software has been integrated in mobile devices from over 40 leading manufacturers such as Coolpad, Google, HTC, Huawei, Lenovo, LG, Sony and Xiaomi.Precise BioMatch Embedded: This provides secure fingerprint authentication for smart cards, wearables and IoT. The solution is suitable for products with small sensors with limited processing power and memory.It has been successfully deployed into the world's first contactless payment card from AirPlus International.The company announced an upgrade that can support small fingerprint sensors and constrained microprocessors.The company has started a trial for payment cards in the USA where authentication would require fingerprint instead of PIN.Precise BioMatch software has been integrated in NXP Semiconductor’s biometric readers enabling secure, convenient and faster experience for users.The collaboration with NXP is expected to start generating licensing and support-based revenues in Q2 of this year.Precise Match On-Card: This software provides fingerprint authentication in national IDs and smart cards issued by governments. The software is already deployed in 160 million national IDs worldwide.Tactivo smart card readers: This provides a convenient and secure way to login to IT systems from smartphones and tablets. The product offers a two-factor authentication, combining a smart card with a PIN. Tactivo is a proven solution with diverse customers such as the US Defense Logistics Agency, the US Navy, Imperial college, healthcare operators in Sweden and Fortune 500 companies.Precise Biometrics has concluded an agreement with German company, IDENTOS GmbH, to divest Tactivo business operations, as of January 1, 2018. Identos launched a new line of Tactivo smart card readers for iPhone 7 and iPhone 8. They are designed to combine iPhone’s fingerprint authentication with Tactivo smart card reader to enable a two factor authentication on the iPhone. The product was launched in March 2018.Case StudiesPortugal creates a new ID with fingerprint technology: Portugal has five different identity cards for several different purposes. In addition to the traditional ID card there are different cards for voting, healthcare, paying taxes, and social security. The government wanted to replace all five cards with one card and integrate fingerprint technology to ensure authentication of citizens. Precise Biometrics, with its Match On-Card solution, was able to integrate fingerprints on the national IDs successfully.Thailand National ID Cards: The Thai Government wanted to replace the existing ID card due to problems with forgery, identity theft and duplicate identities. The government wanted to add digital fingerprint information to reduce the risk of fraud. The Match On-Card software from Precise Biometrics was used to integrate the IDs with fingerprint informationRecent DevelopmentsOn Oct 10, 2017, the company entered into an agreement with the Korean sensor manufacturer Haptrics for the licensing of Precise Biomatch Mobile algorithm solution to be used and integrated in sensors manufactured by Haptrics.Latest Key Financial Data(In SEK thousands) December 31, 2016 December 31, 2017Revenue 83,299 61,039Operating Income 25,407 -13,936Net Income 31,193 -17,431Total Assets 196,096 189,618Total Equity 163,011 145,805Figure 11: LTM Price performance vs. EURO STOXX 50 Indexhttps://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/prec/charts?countrycode=se2.8 SIC BiometricsFounded in 1999, SIC Biometrics designs, manufactures and markets mobile fingerprint biometrics security products and solutions internationally. Its products are used to protect people, institutions, enterprises, and buildings against theft, fraud, and terrorism. The company serves financial and banking, industrial, commercial, corporative, and residential, as well as military, identification, health care, and education industries. It offers its products through resellers in Canada, France, the United States, Maroc, Mexique, and MaltaKey SolutionsiFMID: This is a mobile fingerprint identification reader for smartphones. The device works with both Android and iOS. It helps to secure access to critical data, system and applications on smartphones.TouchProx: This is a card with integrated fingerprint sensor for organizations that are mostly concerned with personnel mobility and access control on premisesFigure 12: iFMIDhttp://www.sic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/iFMID200_270.pngFigure 13: TouchProxhttp://sic.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/TouchProx-2.jpg2.9 MobbeelFounded in 2009, the company provides various biometric security solutions such as iris, signature and face recognition for mobile devices. The company's solutions can be used across platforms such as Android, iOS, Windows 7 and Blackberry.Key ProductsMobbID: This is a biometric authentication solution that provides user identification through a mobile device using voice, face, signature, iris or fingerprint. No external hardware is needed apart from the standard smartphone or tablet.MobbSign: This allows users to sign electronic documents using a handwritten signature.MobbSign currently supports the leading platforms in the mobile industry including iOS, Windows and Android.MobbScan: This allows the collection of data from an ID card using mobile devices and can verify a document's authenticity.2.10 Aurora Computer Services Ltd.Founded in 1998, UK-based Aurora Computer Services is a leading provider of biometric facial recognition systems. The company's systems use Infra-Red (IR) face recognition technology that eliminates the problems created by varying light conditions that affect CCTV based systems, ensuring high accuracy. The solutions are used across applications such as construction, airports, border control and workforce management.Key ProductsClockFace: This is a biometric facial recognition based time and attendance system primarily developed for the UK construction industry. Other biometric verification systems such as finger, vein and palm scanners are not that effective as user's hands become dirty and damaged during the course of their work.Aether: This is a biometric facial recognition system used for passenger verification at airports. More than 200 such systems are currently deployed within Heathrow and Manchester airports and logging over 14 million successful transactions so far.FaceSentinel: This is a biometric facial recognition access control system. It is designed for high security applications where the maximum levels of security and reliability are demanded.Case StudyManchester Airport deployed Aurora’s biometric facial recognition system to confirm a person’s identity against their passport. The system had processed over five million passengers so far.Construction firm MJ Gallagher Ltd is using Aurora’s ClockFace facial recognition-based time and attendance technology to provide accurate and reliable records of its on-site workforce.2.11 Suprema Inc.Founded in 2000, Suprema is a global leader in biometrics and securities technology. Suprema's portfolio of products includes biometric access control systems, time and attendance devices, fingerprint/live scanners and embedded fingerprint modules. The company serves more than 1000 customers across 133 countries around the world and was the first biometrics company listed on Korea's stock market.The company won the “Best Product Award” in ID and Access Control category in Detekor International Award 2017.Suprema Inc. has been recognized as one of the top 50 largest security company in AS magazine’s 2017 Security 50 rankings and has been on list for 7 consecutive years.Suprema showcased its latest biometric security enabled centralized access control solutions including CoreStation, fingerprint readers and others at Intersec 2018 held in Dubai. CoreStation can manage 500,000 users with fingerprint matching speed of up to 400,000 matches per second.Suprema has been recognized as one of the top 50 largest security company in A&S magazine’s 2018 Security 50 rankings for the eighth consecutive year.Key SolutionsAccess Control and Time and Attendance: The company provides fingerprint as well face recognition biometric solution for access control and workforce management. The organizations benefit from the solution by improving employee productivity and eliminating buddy punching practice. Key products include FaceStation, BioStar, BioStation and BioEntry. In October 2017, the company launched a new product CoreStation, an intelligent door controller which provides advantages of biometric-enabled security over centralized access control systems.In April 2018, it launched a new product BioLite N2, designed for both enterprise access control systems and time attendance applications. The company plans to launch a new GDPR ready biometric access control system in July 2018. The solutions will provide comprehensive GDPR-compliant features including: secure biometric data protection by templates; protection against transactions, malware and data breaches. Suprema has established direct operations in 3 countries in EU region, including France, Germany and UK to improve its localized sales and technical support for GDPR compliant solutions.Mobile Solution: The company provides mobile fingerprint authentication program, BioSign.The company is planning to launch BioSign 3.0, an AI based fingerprint authentication solution at the upcoming Mobile World Congress 2018 on February 26, 2018.ID Solutions: The company possesses a versatile portfolio of ID solutions products. Enrollment Scanners are devices that collects fingerprint images. It directly scans and collects digital fingerprint data from live fingers. It is being used by several governments, specifically a number of law and enforcement divisions.The company has also added a new series of fingerprint scanners featuring machine learning technology. These scanners effectively eliminate possible fraud using various fake fingerprint materials including clay, rubber, silicon, paper and film.The company showcased its new fingerprint authentication scanner featuring ultra-slim sensor and wireless technology, BioMini Slim 2S in London in June 2018.Figure 14: BioStationhttps://www.supremainc.com/en/product-categories/access-control-and-time-attendanceFigure 15: FaceStationhttps://www.supremainc.com/en/product-categories/access-control-and-time-attendanceFigure 16: RealScanhttps://www.supremainc.com/en/Enrollment-Scanners2.12 Siemens AG (ETR: SIE)Siemens is a diversified company that operates across business lines including oil and gas, power, renewable energy, healthcare and technology. The company provides access control solutions incorporating biometric technology that comprises fingerprint and facial recognition and iris scans. For Q1 FY2018 (quarter ended December 31, 2017) revenue was up 3% YOY at €19.8 billion.Siemens is working to make border crossings in Europe more secure through biometric systems that store individual characteristics such as fingerprints and facial photos on a chip integrated into a passport. The systems have already been installed in several countries. The data is read at a passport checkpoint and com-pared with a live digital photo of the traveller, thereby making it practically impossible to travel with a false passport. The company in the past has also provided biometric solutions at Lufthansa airport.Latest Key Financial Data(In millions of EUR) September 30, 2016 September 30, 2017Revenue 79,644 83,049Operating Income 7,141 7,692Net Income 5,584 6,179Total Assets 125,717 133,804Total Equity 34,816 44,527Figure 17: LTM Price Performance vs. EURO STOXX 50 Indexhttps://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/sie/charts?countrycode=deandiso=xfra2.13 Science Applications International Corporation (NYSE: SAIC)SAIC provides technical, engineering, and enterprise information technology (IT) services primarily in the United States. The company generated majority of its revenues from the US federal government agencies including US military (Army, Air Force, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard), the US Defense Logistics Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the US Department of State, and the US Department of Homeland Security.The company was founded in 1969. It was formerly known as SAIC Gemini, Inc. and changed its name to Science Applications International Corporation in 2013. The company also provides biometric solutions primarily to government and military. SAIC enables deployment of advanced identification capabilities such as iris, fingerprint, and facial recognition.The company generated revenues of $4.45 billion for fiscal 2018 (12 months ending February 2, 2018). For the second quarter of fiscal 2019 (three months ended August 4, 2018), SAIC reported revenue of $1.11 billion, up ~3% YOY.Latest Key Financial Data(In millions of US$) January 29, 2016 February 3, 2017Revenue 4,315 4,450Operating Income 227 271Net Income 117 148Total Assets 2,122 2,042Total Equity 380 354Figure 18: LTM Price Performance vs. SPX 500http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/saic/stock-chart?intraday=offandtimeframe=1yandsplits=offandearnings=offandmovingaverage=Noneandlowerstudy=volumeandcomparison=onandindex=sp500anddrilldown=off2.14 ZKSoftwareBased in China, ZKSoftware is a leading provider of biometric products. At present, there are more than 180 million people using biometrics and RFID technology from ZKSoftware, and more than nine million sets of fingerprints, RFID and facial recognition systems running around the world.Key ProductsTime Attendance Products: The company provides biometric fingerprint reader for time and attendance applications.Access Control: The company provides access control biometric products integrated with fingerprint and face recognition systems.Fingerprint Collector: The product can collect fingerprint image and convey the digital fingerprint template to the PC.Figure 19: Time Attendance Producthttp://www.zksoftware.com/en/Products/Biometrics/Figure 20: Access Controlhttp://www.zksoftware.com/en/Products/Biometrics/Figure 21: Fingerprint Producthttp://www.zksoftware.com/en/Products/Biometrics/3 Key ReferencesInternational Biometric and Identity Association (IBIA)The International Biometrics and Identity Association is the leading international trade group representing the identification technology industry.https://www.ibia.orgEuropean Association for Biometrics (EAB)The EAB is a non-profit organization that seeks to advance the proper and beneficial use of biometrics in Europe. The EAB engages stakeholders from all European countries including the European Commission and the European Parliament.http://eab.org/Biometrics InstituteFounded in 2001, the Biometrics Institute is an independent international forum for sharing knowledge and information about biometrics. The Biometrics Institute has offices in London and Sydney.http://www.biometricsinstitute.orgBiometric Research GroupBiometric Research Group is a leading market research supplier and consultancy to the global biometric industry. It publishes a website, Biometricupdate.com, which is a leading online source for breaking news, analysis, and research about the global biometrics industry.http://www.biometricupdate.comAcuity Market IntelligenceAcuity Market Intelligence is a strategy and research consultancy which provides Biometric and Electronic Identity (eID) market trends.http://www.acuity-mi.comIEEE SpectrumIEEE Spectrum is a flagship magazine which is dedicated to the field of engineering and applied sciences.http://spectrum.ieee.orgUS Department of Homeland Security (DHS)The Department of Homeland Security is a key department within the US government responsible for assessing and protecting the citizens from threats and attacks.https://www.dhs.gov/European Biometrics Group (EBG)The European Biometrics Group (EBG) is an independent company that provides services in the area of biometrics and identity management.http://www.eubiometricsgroup.eu/Worldpay Group PlcWorldpay provides secure payment services for small and large businesses, including payments online, card machines and telephone payments.www.worldpay.comPareto SecuritiesHeadquartered in Norway, Pareto Securities is an independent full service investment bank.www.paretosec.comGoode IntelligenceGoode Intelligence works in information security, mobile security, authentication and identity verification, biometrics, enterprise mobility and mobile commerce sectors.www.goodeintelligence.comSEB GroupSEB is a leading Nordic financial services group that provides various advisory and research services.www.sebgroup.comInstitute for Critical Infrastructure Technology (ICIT)ICIT is a US based group that facilitates cutting edge research and various initiatives to support and protect nation’s critical infrastructure.www.icitech.orgHealth Care Industry Cybersecurity Task ForceThe Health Care Industry Cybersecurity Task Force was established by the Department of Health and Human Services in March 2016 to improve cybersecurity practices in the health care industry.www.phe.govAmerican Payroll AssociationEstablished in 1982, the American Payroll Association is the nation's leader in payroll education, publications, and training.www.americanpayroll.orgUS Department of DefenseThe Department of Defense is a government agency tasked with providing and executing defense policies of the US government.www.defense.gov","URL":"http://search.proquest.com/docview/2162339627/abstract/9D35A6EF980F4429PQ/3","language":"English","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",12,3]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",2,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Biometric Scan Software Industry). As organizations are adopting information and computer technology solutions, they will not hire a human to transfer files from one format into another when machines can do it at a much faster rate. The most embarrassing thing about the job can be a typo in a typed document as machines will not be prone to such errors so, these jobs are not going to stick around for humans in the foreseeable future as well.

Journalism:

The role of journalism and journalists play in society is crucial. Journalists have to go for interviews research facts and figures and cover events as well. It has been observed that drone cameras are currently being used in coverage of news events. Drone cameras are cheap in price and they also not require hourly wages as well. Although the currently deployed drone cameras are controlled by human experts, but the latest innovation will soon remove the need for human intervention ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NhVyUc0U","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Behar)","plainCitation":"(Behar)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/AEV53A9W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/AEV53A9W"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"article-magazine","title":"The Everything Test","container-title":"New York Times Magazine; New York","page":"26-30,32","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"There are 20,000 or so known proteins in the human proteome, as the collective sum of proteins in any organism is called. Because it can signal when something is amiss inside a body, the proteome has the potential to serve as a diagnostic system - sort of like the ones in modern cars that alert mechanics when a fuel injector is plugged or a timing belt needs replacing. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes and kidney dysfunction - six of the top 10 things that kill people in the United States, accounting for 1.6 million deaths annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - can all manifest without symptoms. Using specimens from these repositories - the ones at the National Institutes of Health and many research hospitals are made accessible to scientists - the company began to hone its machine-learning algorithm, training it to search for key protein configurations. Trujillo insisted that I immediately start taking a statin drug to halt further plaque buildup. Because proteins react to external inputs, Trujillo asked everyone who got the heart screening to redo it one year later.","ISSN":"00287822","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Behar","given":"Michael"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",11,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Behar). Automated drone cameras will replace cameramen experts not only from journalism but from all the related branches of media such as film making. Modern and ever-evolving artificial intelligence algorithms will be able to write news and cover stories. Robots known as wordsmiths will be employed in the media industry leaving human experts behind in the fields of journalism as well.

Drivers:

During 2004, researchers from MIT and Harvard claimed that a computer would never be able to drive a car due to the complexity of information involved in driving a car. However, in a time shorter than ten years, several thousand miles of test drives have been completed by self-driving cars. Research continues to make them more efficient and environmentally friendly. If the statements of researchers can be proved false in less than a decade, then it can be imagined that how much time will it take to completely replace human drivers. A large number of drivers being jobless will create a huge burden on the economy especially for developing countries and underdeveloped nations.

Chefs:

Keeping computers and their huge processors cool at times of high load is an essential hurdle in increasing the processing power of small chips. Given the fact that the computer requires cooling, it can be a terrible idea to deploy a computer in the kitchen. However, cooking robots are being developed and actively deployed in hotels. They are cooking food and serving it as well to customers. They are not only a potential threat to chefs but to waiters as well. They will never ask for tips and will never make mistakes in cooking food items ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"L39xBiEa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Estlund)","plainCitation":"(Estlund)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":33,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/DX64WZIN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/DX64WZIN"],"itemData":{"id":33,"type":"article-journal","title":"What Should We Do After Work? Automation and Employment Law","container-title":"The Yale Law Journal; New Haven","page":"254","volume":"128","issue":"2","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"Will advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning put vast swaths of the labor force out of work or into fierce competition for the jobs that remain? Or, as in the past, will new jobs absorb workers displaced by automation? These hotly debated questions have profound implications for the fortress of rights and benefits that has been constructed on the foundation of the employment relationship. This Article charts a path for reforming that body of law in the face of justified anxiety and uncertainty about the future impact of automation on jobs. Many of the forces that drive automation-including law-related labor costs-also drive firms’ decisions about “fissuring,” or replacing employees with outside contractors. Fissuring has already transformed the landscape of work and contributed to weaker labor standards and growing inequality. A sensible response to automation should have in mind this adjacent problem, and vice versa. Unfortunately, the dominant legal responses to fissuring-which aim to extend firms’ legal responsibility for the workers whose labor they rely on-do not meet the distinctive challenge of automation, and even modestly exacerbate it. Automation offers the ultimate exit from the costs and risks associated with human labor. As technology becomes an ever-more-capable and cost-effective substitute for human workers, it enables firms to circumvent prevailing legal strategies for protecting workers and shoring up the fortress of employment. The question is how to protect workers’ rights and entitlements while reducing firms’ incentive both to replace employees with contractors and to replace human workers with machines. The answer, I argue, begins with separating the issue of what workers’ entitlements should be from the issue of where their economic burdens should fall. Some worker rights and entitlements necessarily entail employer duties and burdens. But for those that do not, we should look for ways to shift their costs off of employer payrolls or to extend the entitlements themselves beyond employment. The existing fortress of employment-based rights and benefits is under assault from fissuring and automation; it is failing to protect those who remain outside its walls and erecting barriers to some who seek to enter. We should dismantle some of its fortifications and construct in its place a broader foundation of economic security for all, including those who cannot or do not make their living through steady employment.","ISSN":"00440094","shortTitle":"What Should We Do After Work?","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Estlund","given":"Cynthia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Estlund). Hotel owners and organizations will invest in technology rather than hiring chefs for cooking delicious food items. The latest innovation in chef robots revealed robotic algorithms that can even mimic the motion of hands of a human chef. Observing the technological advancements, the job is not going to stick around for human experts in the long run.

Finance Experts:

As the case with lawyers being a financial expert is regarded as a highly paid job but the situation is not going to last longer, but the situation is not going to last longer. Artificial intelligence algorithms are more robust in making trade decisions and spotting patterns in piles of data than exert humans in the field. Estimates by experts in various fields of finance and banking suggest that almost thirty percent of the jobs in the finance sector will be replaced by artificial intelligence within the next decade.

Business analytics:

The most important aspect of the modern business process is to provide support to customers. If a business is not providing customized solutions to the customers, then it will not be possible to grow in diverse markets. Modern business processes harness the power of artificial intelligence to analyze big data and develop trends, a job previously performed by human specialists. Another advancement in technologies had made it possible to deploy robots known as chatbots to provide services to the customers. As customers do not want to wait for long times for human experts to be free for service. Chatbots dramatically increased the rate of lead conversions into direct sales. Almost eighty percent of such jobs are already outsourced by organizations to offices operating in developing countries where the hourly wages are very low, the overtaking process of smart chatbots is not the good news in any way.

Healthcare:

Artificial intelligence and robots are replacing many jobs in healthcare as well. Paramedical staff in all of the healthcare providing services are at potential risk of being overtaken by the computers ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2wf8e2W9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kepczyk)","plainCitation":"(Kepczyk)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":38,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/4KZ4X4ZZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/4KZ4X4ZZ"],"itemData":{"id":38,"type":"article-journal","title":"APIs and RPA Tools Automate Client Services","container-title":"CPA Practice Advisor; Ft. Atkinson","page":"42","volume":"28","issue":"7","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"Whether it is capturing data from credit card receipts, reconciling bank statements, reimbursing expense reports, or automatically updating IRS tax statuses, these tools utilize a combination of machine learning, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), and custom scripts that emulate or automate the actions of their human counterparts.Once approved, the API automatically integrates with the firm's accounting system to make all necessary entries and can even reimburse the employee within 24 hours, replacing many traditional manual entries and processes that are subject to human error. * Hubdoc: This digital assistant has the ability to go out and \"auto-fetch\" documents such as the client's bank statements, utility bills, and telecom invoices, as well as documents from other online vendors.According to the Institute for Robotic Process Automation and Artificial Intelligence, RPA is defined as \"the application of technology that allows employees in a company to configure computer software or a \"robot\" to capture and interpret existing applications for processing a transaction, manipulating data, triggering responses, and communicating with other digital systems.\"","ISSN":"21608725","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Kepczyk","given":"Roman H."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kepczyk). When wearable technology is suggesting healthy diet plans, computers are providing best care plans for cancer treatments, and robots are performing surgeries, these jobs are not going to stick around for humans as well. It is expected that in less than a decade every person will be having an artificial intelligence powered physician in the pocket.

Manual Jobs:

Along with many high-level jobs, perhaps, the most vulnerable classification is of manual workers such as construction and sanitary workers. A huge amount of manual working jobs are already occupied by robots. Automated machines are performing the jobs of workers in warehouses and various other departments. Vehicles and jet planes in manufacturing plants are not assembled by humans anymore ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"svwBcsAi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Crossley)","plainCitation":"(Crossley)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":34,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/Q4GR3JLD"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/Q4GR3JLD"],"itemData":{"id":34,"type":"article-journal","title":"Technological disruption in foreign language teaching: The rise of simultaneous machine translation","container-title":"Language Teaching; Cambridge","page":"541-552","volume":"51","issue":"4","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"The fear of technology replacing jobs can be traced back to Aristotle, who, before great technological advances existed, ventured that machines may one day end the need for human labor (Campa 2014). In the current era, there is overwhelming evidence of technological unemployment. This evidence comes in the form of jobs that were once common, but have largely been replaced by technology such as switchboard operators, travel agents, booth cashiers, bank tellers, and typists. These jobs still exist, but their numbers have declined sharply because they were easily replaced by technology. Statistical models indicate future job losses in these areas will continue with booth cashiers at an 84% risk of losing their jobs, travel agents at a 10% risk, and typists at an 81% risk (Frey & Osborne 2013). These, generally, entry level positions do not require specialized training or advanced degrees, which may explain some of the job losses. However, current trends indicate that training and advanced degrees do not necessarily offer protection against technological unemployment, with most analysts predicting that technology will soon replace lawyers (Markoff 2011), pharmacy technicians, and accountants (Frey & Osborne 2013). Unemployment in career sectors such as these will have adverse effects not only on the workers, but also on the systems that support them. When the need for lawyers, pharmacists, and accountants collapses, what will happen to law schools, colleges of pharmacy, and accounting departments that train specialists in these fields? What will happen to the support systems that depend on these jobs or the scholars that move these fields forward through research activities?","DOI":"http://dx.doi.org.edmonds.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S0261444818000253","ISSN":"02614448","shortTitle":"Technological disruption in foreign language teaching","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Crossley","given":"Scott A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Crossley). Machines are developing and assembling smaller machine parts instead of human experts. A job previously performed by ten human experts is now handled by a single machine. Human experts now only perform the job of monitoring those machines instead of participating in the actual process of manufacturing or assembling the parts.

Counterarguments:

One set of researchers and experts argue that the advancements in technology and the latest innovations are not killing jobs; instead, they are transforming the job markets. The modern world may not require drivers to drive the cars but will be in high demand for the mechanics and technicians of self-driving cars. Without having enough human experts to handle exceptions the technologies will never be able to completely wipe out the job markets for human experts. Human experts will always be required to monitor and supervise the work performed by automated machines.

Robots powered by algorithms can replace journalists and camera operators, but they will not be able to innovate further in the restricted domains. A robotic journalist will not be able to train more journalists for high-level tasks ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"VcwDXeB9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fiorenza et al.)","plainCitation":"(Fiorenza et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":35,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/W38964JW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/W38964JW"],"itemData":{"id":35,"type":"article-journal","title":"Technical note: The use of 3D printing in dental anthropology collections","container-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology; New York","page":"400-406","volume":"167","issue":"2","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"Objectives\nRapid prototyping (RP) technology is becoming more affordable, faster, and is now capable of building models with a high resolution and accuracy. Due to technological limitations, 3D printing in biological anthropology has been mostly limited to museum displays and forensic reconstructions. In this study, we compared the accuracy of different 3D printers to establish whether RP can be used effectively to reproduce anthropological dental collections, potentially replacing access to oftentimes fragile and irreplaceable original material.\nMethods\nWe digitized specimens from the Yuendumu collection of Australian Aboriginal dental casts using a high‐resolution white‐light scanning system and reproduced them using four different 3D printing technologies: stereolithography (SLA); fused deposition modeling (FDM); binder‐jetting; and material‐jetting. We compared the deviations between the original 3D surface models with 3D print scans using color maps generated from a 3D metric deviation analysis.\nResults\nThe 3D printed models reproduced both the detail and discrete morphology of the scanned dental casts. The results of the metric deviation analysis demonstrate that all 3D print models were accurate, with only a few small areas of high deviations. The material‐jetting and SLA printers were found to perform better than the other two printing machines.\nConclusions\nThe quality of current commercial 3D printers has reached a good level of accuracy and detail reproduction. However, the costs and printing times limit its application to produce large sample numbers for use in most anthropological studies. Nonetheless, RP offers a viable option to preserve numerically constraint fragile skeletal and dental material in paleoanthropological collections.","DOI":"http://dx.doi.org.edmonds.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/ajpa.23640","ISSN":"00029483","shortTitle":"Technical note","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Fiorenza","given":"Luca"},{"family":"Link to external site","given":"this","dropping-particle":"link will open in a new window"},{"family":"Yong","given":"Robin"},{"family":"Link to external site","given":"this","dropping-particle":"link will open in a new window"},{"family":"Ranjitkar","given":"Sarbin"},{"family":"Hughes","given":"Toby"},{"family":"Quayle","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"McMenamin","given":"Paul G."},{"family":"Kaidonis","given":"John"},{"family":"Townsend","given":"Grant C."},{"family":"Adams","given":"Justin W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fiorenza et al.). It can be considered that low-level jobs will be completely occupied by automated machines, but human experts will always be there to perform high-level tasks. As in the example of self-driving cars, even though the algorithms will be performing most parts of the job but there will always be exceptions and ethical situation requiring the attention of humans. A single project of the self-driving car may give rise to many ethically controversial situations. For example, if a person is traveling in his self-driving car and he has no manual control over the car. Suddenly huge metal boxes fall from the truck in immediate front of the car. Now, the car is programmed to hit the car at the left sider the bus on the right side. How the life of the one person be saved in case of the accident?

There is a growing list of ethical situations requiring human intervention. If the car is going to hit the metal box, then the life of the person sitting in the car will definitely be compromised. In any other case life of an innocent person will be at higher risk. So, an algorithm developed by humans will never be free from errors ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"qZ0d8MYa","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Davis and Sinha)","plainCitation":"(Davis and Sinha)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/3JAB9W7V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/aGd3npCw/items/3JAB9W7V"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Straight-Through Receivables Reconciliations","container-title":"Global Finance; New York","page":"10-11","volume":"32","issue":"8","source":"ProQuest","abstract":"AI and Machine Learning Boost Efficiency and Working Capital Lisa DavisManaging Director, Data Governance Officer and Global Head of Data, Insights and AI,Citi Treasury and Trade SolutionsAnupam SinhaManaging Director, Global Head of Global Domestic Payments and Receivables,Citi Treasury and Trade Solutions Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are integral components of a wide range of technology tools these days, redefining how both corporate treasury departments and the individuals who make up those departments do their jobs and live their lives. [...]companies gain better control and monitoring of their payment flows, which leads to reductions in both errors and the subseguent losses that can result from them. Algorithms that have learned users' established behaviors also can provide recommendations for navigating the feature-rich platform, and machine-learning algorithms can even train bots to perform \"intelligent chat,\" replacing human chat to respond in real time to customers' online service-related questions.","ISSN":"08964181","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Davis","given":"Lisa"},{"family":"Sinha","given":"Anupam"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Davis and Sinha). In life-threatening situations the control cannot be completely left with the machine. As in the above example, the person must jump in to control the car and to avoid the accident. Similar and even more advanced ethical dilemmas may arise in the healthcare sector where robots are performing lifesaving surgeries. Therefore, technological advancements are not completely wiping human experts out of the game; rather they have transformed their role.

Conclusion and Recommendations:

Advancements in technology such as artificial intelligence and machine learning software have certainly taken over humans. Many more jobs will be overtaken by automation and computers leaving humans behind. The situation is becoming more and more worse with the passage of time. Given the pace of improvement in automation technologies, many jobs performed by human experts will be replaced by machines. Humans especially young graduates and low-income workers need to be more vigilant to adopt new learning technologies to survive a war with machine revolution. Although most of the jobs will certainly be occupied by machines at the same time, the role of humans will be more crucial. They will be monitoring and performing high-level tasks rather than current jobs. Essentially the advancements in science and technology have transformed the role and jobs of human beings rather than completely removing humans out of the game.

Works Cited

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Crossley, Scott A. “Technological Disruption in Foreign Language Teaching: The Rise of Simultaneous Machine Translation.” Language Teaching; Cambridge, vol. 51, no. 4, Oct. 2018, pp. 541–52. ProQuest, doi:http://dx.doi.org.edmonds.idm.oclc.org/10.1017/S0261444818000253.

Davis, Lisa, and Anupam Sinha. “Straight-Through Receivables Reconciliations.” Global Finance; New York, vol. 32, no. 8, Sept. 2018, pp. 10–11.

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Sharif, Naubahar, and Yu Huang. “Industrial Automation in China’s ‘Workshop of the World.’” The China Journal; Chicago, vol. 81, Jan. 2019, p. 1. ProQuest, doi:http://dx.doi.org.edmonds.idm.oclc.org/10.1086/699471.