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QUESTION 1
The goal and purpose of the United States is defined by the formation of valid national objectives. National security interests of the United States include its political identity, institutions and framework. Those institutions foster the economic wellbeing of the American society. The primary aim of the national security interest is to maintain the global hegemony of the United States as a super power. America has many statecraft resources available to deal with its national security interests.
The National Security resources
Defense
When the United Sates became more protected it turned to be more forceful. Just after the Cold WAR the United States has started investing on its arm force. It has sent its army for war more than any other has done and it did ended its army for combat at time when there was nit any threat to national security. The United States has been the worlds most active military active country. It is because the United States has the responsibility and the lights to lead other country in the process of maintaining peace and prosperity. Some of the threats on United States were introduced by the AL Qaeda but as a result of that the United States shed blood continuously for two years.
In the post-Cold war era till Afghanistan and Iraq issues the national security policy ofAmerica was driven more by opportunities than by threat. American policy wants to stabilize the world in order to save the world from upcoming dangers. The use of force is the extreme tool of foreign policy and it is what most of the policy planners are concerned of. Americans of the view that their foreign policy only allows the use of force for defense mechanism. In the recent years, American use of force was effective, very necessary and properly done.
The threat to western democracy vanished with the end of cold war and America had a choice to advance further or to relax. The military threat to the United States decreased with the collapse of the other major power. The only threat to America was that the oil rich countries might stop the supplier of ol but that did not happen as America meddled itself in their interest. Other threats that were likely to disturb the global peace were also tackled by the States. Those threats were going to affect the citizens of other countries more than that of the United States. It was the moral interest of Americans to help the citizens of those countries. Again America put forward its defense mechanism to fight for global peace and prosperity. Those were for charity purpose not for national security.
American leaders never conceived security for the purpose of territorial integrity, economic gains and political autonomy but for resolving disputes in order to prevail the rule of law. In such a scenario the use of security is needed to run the world according to the western world orders. This helped to suppress other disorder that might prove to be a challenge for global security
In the dozen years of war starting from the opening of the wall of Berlin to the assault done by Al-Qaeda United states remained a hub of international conflict. It failed to take the advantage of such a huge security situation and should have managed balance of power with other countries. But America remained unipolar and exploited many countries with the use of violence. Then the incident of 9/11 happened and the National security policy showed a very energetic reaction. The country got confidence by achieving a victory in Afghanistan but the president of that time took a very inappropriate step and started a war in Iraq. Tis step damaged the national interest of Americans and worsen international threats for the States. Although America remained successful in Iraq but the cost of war was very high than the benefits it generated.
In the toughest sense of national security America faced very few dangers in the present time than it has faced in the past. It has faced huge security issues before the year 1990 and it may face huge security challenges in the coming years. In the start of the twentieth century the radical ideologist gained huge military capabilities that were the Japanese militarism and that of the German fascism. These radical ideologists threatened Western democracy and also threaten big countries like Russian and China. This concept was followed by the Universalist ideology supported by China and Soviet Union. It disturbed the peace of mind of the people throughout the world.
The ideology of Communism was very different from that of the radical Islam which was a mobilizing force that time and was popular in areas where religion was already deep rooted. Rather communism strengthens its roots in the political and economic system of the popular states like China and Russia. But Communism lost the cold war and it was no more a threat to the national security of the United States. America had the least enemy in the world at that time but the recent dangers are more modest that helped to shape the American national security. Empire of liberty was an idea given by President Thomas Jefferson but most of the time in the US history the American power was always limited and it was used to promote the North American model outside the country.
The national security was wordlessly identified by the way the operations are held away from the country and not within the shorelines of the country. The military force was made ready to combat for the protection of allies in the far lands with big headquarters and supporting bureaucracy. But when the terrorist came to the home land then new organizations were made in order to tackle them and the US army was called to take care of the situations inside the country but the security system was controlled by a department of Homeland security not by the Department of Defense as it did not come under the responsibilities of the Defense department.
The use of force was done in different formats throughout the history of the United States.
Paralysis
Destroying and killing of people for political gains which is called paralysis and that is what mostly a military option is used for. It will help to achieve the political objectives of the country.
Unconventional wars and Counterterrorism the 1991 war against Iraq was a conventional war and most of the victims were the soldiers who were made target. Unconventional war happened among the civilian and the damages in such a case are very huge. America could not hold itself back because of civilian causalities because it will give room to terrorists and will raise the threat of war for American soldiers even more. US engagement in Afghanistan was an example of counterinsurgency strategy.
Humanitarian projects
The 1992 starvation in Somalia needed some military effort of minimum amount and United States provided military aid to Somalia just for its moral interest. The genocide in Rwanda is another example of help done by the United States in order to have moral satisfaction.
Deterrence
The security dilemma is the most important uncertainty that need to be handled. The diagnosis of threat and peacefully motivated adversaries is very difficult and it creates a security dilemma.
Humanitarian Intervention
The United States of America was compelled to do humanitarian intervention after the Cold war. It did humanitarian intervention not just for its own national interest but to secure the many lives in other countries that were in danger. The current intervention is considered as a mean of achieving the economic and geostrategic interest. Interventions could be of different types like in 1989 the actions of the United States in Somalia were pure intervention but America did it for moral interest but in the early 20th century interventions are thought to get economic interests .
Todays interventions are more organized and are dependent on the use of military and it is therefore the action of the United States in Iraq and Afghanistan was no getting positive feed backs. That was an example of huge military intervention not favored by most of the states around the globe.
Intelligence agencies
The Central intelligence was watching the members of Al Qaida who were secretly meeting in Malaysia in January 2000. One of those members was the hijacked of the plan that was later hijacked and crashed. CIA took the footage of Al-Mihdhar the plan hijacker and took the critical information about him. Twenty month after that incident of 9/11 occurred. CIA later being criticized that al-Mihdar need to be kept in the State Department or his entry in the country should have banned. This example shows the lack of effectiveness in the American intelligence.
The failure of USA intelligent service started after Cold war when it was unable to meet the terrorist threats. The policy makers say that the post-Cold war world was too much opaque for the United States intelligence and it is, therefore, the intelligence could not cope up with the terrorist and could not secure its national security
Along with CIA, the Federal Bureau of Investigation introduced various counterterrorist initiatives. This includes the development of multiagency intelligence unit in 1996 with a focus to fight terrorism and to build close relationships with other intelligence organizations.
Evidences show that the US policy makers felt the need of developing various organizations to handle the increasing rate of international terrorism. The intelligence organizations of the United States need to have some changes in order to meet the needs of the nation and to secure the national interest.
Trade and diplomacy
The increasing level of interdependency among the countries has been accompanied by the Commercial and trade rivalries among the states. The United States have adopted very strategies in order to deal with its opponent industrialist countries. The State had also to cope with the growing economic challenges introduced by other major countries like China. Chinas huge economic growth has been a challenge to American trade policy. China became the fourth largest partner in trade with the United States and the trade is worth 4.8 billion. Japan is the largest trade partner of the United States.
The conflict between China and the United States has been affected by the bargaining power of the United States and the American threats of imposing sanctions over Chinese market. America is imposing trade sanctions on China in order to get unilateral control over the global trade and it will help to meet the needs of national security interests.
The regime type of countries ad their trade wars are under focused now. The increasing development of trade sector of China is not only creating threat for the United States but also for Japan. The United States is suffering in gaining domestic support to strengthening the domestic bargaining power and in talking the complementary partner like China. The United States is maintaining its national security by implementing trade and commercial policy that will help it over its competent trade partners.
Conclusion
The United States government has used its military power for humanitarian interventions, global war on terrors and for maintains internal peace. American has been in wars from decades and is seem to be compromising its national security interest. America want to achieve its goals with policy making and without the use of force but it is the most militarily active country in the world. The foreign policy says that America should use army only for defense purpose but the country has used military for waging other countrys war as well.
The American intelligent agencies were not able to control the terrorist insurgencies and thus does not helped out America in achieving its goals. But American trade policies are helping it out to maintaining its hegemony over the world.
The United States has not efficiently used its military and intelligent agencies to maintain its national security as the United States has been targeted more by the international terrorist recently. It has imposed sanctions on many countries that might affect their mutual relation and might not let America to achieve its goals.
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