This paper is focused on the issue of national security in two countries that are America and United Kingdom UK. Different NGOs and IGOs are working in these countries to solve this issue and ensuring high security for the civilians of the countries. The main purpose of the paper is to identify the issue, its causes and impact, and the role of IGOs and NGOs for the prevention of the issue.
Introduction:
Every nation has a unique pattern of progress and development. They have their own needs and requirements. However, some nation shares the same set of problems. Various NGOs and IGOs work in these countries to solve such issues. Nuclear safety and security issue is one of the issues which is the main concern of almost every country in this world especially after the incident of September 11. After the attack of 9/11 America faced security issues. Every administration is trying to advance the security at the border and within the country for the safety of the civilians. In the UK as well, various policies have been revised to avoid any terror attack. Terrorism has been the reason death of thousands of people throughout the country and it is leading to the war between different countries. War condition in Afghanistan is the best example of nuclear safety and security which is caused due to the terror attack in America and from that day world is trying to fight with terrorism and making nuclear weapons more secure to face the unpredictable condition. The number of IGOs and NGOs are playing their role to strengthen the security of the country. After the terror attack of 9/11 hate crime is rised in America as well as the UK where the number of hate crime was recorded between Muslims and non-Muslims. The extremist groups are the main cause of terrorism. Besides the extremist groups, racism and gun culture are other causes which may lead to terrorism incidence in both the countries. Extremist groups are using the name of Islam behind their extremism due to which many Muslim countries are facing the problem. For instance, America's contemporary governance has demanded Pakistan to "do more" regarding terrorism. The condition between Pakistan and India is not positive and there can be a call of war between the two nations. Therefore, countries like America and the UK are trying to use the benefits of nuclear technology for security purpose, not for the war. They are more concerned about environmental and socio-economic security from nuclear safety.
UK and America have also taking utilizing cooperation and the help of various IGOs and NGOs to ensure the security on the border and within the country. NGOs and IGOs that are working for the nuclear safety include; International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), World Nuclear Association, European Union and the EURATOM Supply Agency, and Environmentalist for Nuclear. These agencies are making sure to develop the healthy and safe use of nuclear technology and enhance the security of the natural environment of the country along with the security of the countries. In the case of America, IAEA is working for the advantages of nuclear technology and also a concern related to environment and socio-economic issues. The agency was established in 1957 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zLJ77O16","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}U.S.-IAEA Partnership,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“U.S.-IAEA Partnership,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":465,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/C87H6FNZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/C87H6FNZ"],"itemData":{"id":465,"type":"webpage","title":"U.S.-IAEA Partnership","URL":"https://www.state.gov/t/isn/us_iaea/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“U.S.-IAEA Partnership,” n.d.). The main role of the agency in the country is to expand the peaceful methodology and use of nuclear technology and nuclear science. It protects the nuclear weapons by analysis of information after inspecting and monitoring nuclear activities. The agency verifies the security risk of the country and provides the warning to other countries related to the nuclear proliferation suspected cases. The second agency that is World Nuclear Association regulates the nuclear activities in the America by making an assessment over the environmental regulation, making national energy purposes, and R&D funding ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"wquHm99z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}US Nuclear Power Policy | Nuclear Energy Policy USA - World Nuclear Association,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“US Nuclear Power Policy | Nuclear Energy Policy USA - World Nuclear Association,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":459,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/GHTSI99A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/GHTSI99A"],"itemData":{"id":459,"type":"webpage","title":"US Nuclear Power Policy | Nuclear Energy Policy USA - World Nuclear Association","URL":"http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power-policy.aspx","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“US Nuclear Power Policy | Nuclear Energy Policy USA - World Nuclear Association,” n.d.). The trend of nuclear power expansion is based on long term energy strategy but the agency is playing a role to encourage reducing some of the nuclear programs in the country. The third agency that is the European Union which is strengthening nuclear safety of America and is really crucial. The agency identifies the difference between nuclear security and nuclear safety. The difference is minor but agency focused on it as nuclear safety means to keep nuclear radiation sources from people and nuclear security mean to keep people away from the radiation sources ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Oo7oG0GX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anthony, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Anthony, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":464,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/K8YJSCMW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/K8YJSCMW"],"itemData":{"id":464,"type":"article-journal","title":"The role of the European Union in strengthening nuclear security","page":"16","source":"Zotero","abstract":"The European Union (EU) will continue to rely on nuclear energy as one element in a balanced energy strategy, and a large number of nuclear reactors will continue to operate for at least the next several decades. The EU (including its member states and common institutions) has a full spectrum of expertise on the civilian nuclear fuel cycle. There is unique experience in areas of great relevance to nuclear security, such as operating gas centrifuge enrichment plants, spent fuel reprocessing plants, the production of mixed oxide fuel and construction of final repositories for spent fuel. The EU has made a commitment to implement the highest international standards in the field of nuclear security. While the member states of the EU are ultimately responsible for ensuring nuclear security, a growing number of relevant issues fall within areas where common EU rules and institutions also have a role to play. The significant expertise (including some unique technical expertise), budgets and financial instruments, and frameworks for internal and external action that exist at the EU level should be used to strengthen nuclear security. Taking advantage of the capacities that already exist in different EU institutions in this field would be to the mutual benefit of the EU, its member states and the wider international community.","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Anthony","given":"Ian"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anthony, n.d.). The agency provides different implementations and recommendations to ensure the security of nuclear technology and the safety of the people from nuclear technology. After the 9/11 the concern of nuclear terrorism became the attention of security globally. America is not only strengthening his own security but it is also the large exporter of nuclear weapons to the other countries. Therefore, the main role of the agency is to ensure the security of the people while producing the nuclear weapon to meet the demand in the global market. Environmentalist for Nuclear is the agency which is more concerned for the environment and climate change of the country due to the nuclear power ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9Au5IWv2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Uddin, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Uddin, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":461,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/5Z73QKIU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/5Z73QKIU"],"itemData":{"id":461,"type":"article-journal","title":"Nuclear Energy, Environment and Public Safety: North-South Politics","container-title":"Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment","page":"31-41","volume":"38","issue":"4","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","abstract":"While many believe that the biggest problems today are the world's struggling economies, the increase in terrorist cults, or growing populations, the greatest predicament concerns fossil fuel consumption, the resulting climate change and its repercussions. To change our patterns of fossil fuel consumption, key alternatives include fuel options such as renewable energy sources (e.g., solar or wind energy) and nuclear energy. As discussed in this article, renewable energy sources also have an environmental impact and are inadequate to totally meet the demands of an ever-expanding industrial civilization. Another alternative that many environmentalists are promoting is nuclear energy, which has been cited as the ultimate clean energy. At present, nuclear energy offers hope for an eco-friendly and economically-suitable energy option. This article argues that despite the challenges of public security, nuclear energy is a far better alternative than carbon-based fuels to promote sustainable development and protect against accelerated climate change.","DOI":"10.1080/10485236.2019.12054410","ISSN":"1048-5236","shortTitle":"Nuclear Energy, Environment and Public Safety","author":[{"family":"Uddin","given":"Md Kamal"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Uddin, 2019). The agency is promoting eco-friendly nuclear energy which can be used to enhance the nuclear power of America along with the security of the common people.
The way these agencies are working for the nuclear security of America, they are also helping the UK to ensure his security and safety from the issue like nuclear terrorism. On behalf of the European Union, UK shows the commitment as the nation for enhancing nuclear security not only for his own country but for the whole world. Just like America, the UK also got concern toward nuclear terrorism security after the attack of September 11. The United Kingdom shows its commitment to the security of the world with nuclear security. It is making policies and implementations with the help of different NGOs and IGOs. International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) is supporting the country by ensuring the right conditions for nuclear technology and nuclear science. The agency is playing a role in security, safety, response regimes, and emergency preparedness ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9S8dvXCX","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}UK Statement to the 2016 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“UK Statement to the 2016 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/H33JM7HR"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/H33JM7HR"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"webpage","title":"UK Statement to the 2016 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference","container-title":"GOV.UK","abstract":"Delivered by Robin Grimes, Chief Scientific Adviser to the FCO, Vienna, 28 September 2016","URL":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-statement-to-the-2016-international-atomic-energy-agency-iaea-general-conference","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“UK Statement to the 2016 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference,” n.d.). The second agency is World Nuclear Association which is helping the UK in nuclear safety and security by providing its services in controlling unintended conditions, misuse of radioactive material, restraining activities, and handling external threats to nuclear facilities and materials. The third agency European Union and the EURATOM Supply Agency tackles the political goal and shortage of nuclear energy in the country. It helps through developing research, safety standards, investment in nuclear energy weapons, and provide the best technical facilities. The fourth and last agency that is Environmentalist for Nuclear has the same role as in America. It ensures the production of a nuclear weapon through eco-friendly nuclear energy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"beT4L2ke","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":469,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/MZ4H7ZNB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/MZ4H7ZNB"],"itemData":{"id":469,"type":"article","title":"EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf","URL":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/608665/EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf, n.d.).
Conclusion:
Every nation tries to ensure its security from the outside world and also from the inside insecurities. After the terror attack on September 11 in New York, America, the whole world got concerns regarding the security and safety of the nation. The security was not limited to the border or to the law enforcement institution; countries like America and the UK enhanced their nuclear power. To avoid nuclear terrorism, both the nation acquired the help of different NGOs and IGOs to ensure nuclear safety and security. For the purpose, four major agencies that are International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA), World Nuclear Association, European Union and the EURATOM Supply Agency, and Environmentalist for Nuclear, are playing their role and enhancing the nuclear technology with safety and providing security.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anthony, I. (n.d.). The role of the European Union in strengthening nuclear security. 16.
EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2017/608665/EPRS_BRI(2017)608665_EN.pdf
Uddin, M. K. (2019). Nuclear Energy, Environment and Public Safety: North-South Politics. Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment, 38(4), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10485236.2019.12054410
UK Statement to the 2016 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2019, from GOV.UK website: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-statement-to-the-2016-international-atomic-energy-agency-iaea-general-conference
US Nuclear Power Policy | Nuclear Energy Policy USA - World Nuclear Association. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2019, from http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/usa-nuclear-power-policy.aspx
U.S.-IAEA Partnership. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2019, from https://www.state.gov/t/isn/us_iaea/
