History Of Fossil Fuels

History of Fossil Fuels

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History of Fossil Fuels

The U.S. electric grid is aging and hard-pressed. As the population increases, the electric supply demand increases in the United States despite moving towards renewable energy. The solar plants still need electricity backup for a continued supply. The United States needs more power plants for more energy production in order to meet the demand, however, the grid system continues to fail. The power delivery is hampered due to the barriers caused by old transmission lines and huge steel towers. The cost of service interruptions is too expensive. Moreover, there is a huge investment gap ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GsgPpK0L","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Halsey III, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Halsey III, 2012)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":762,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/R68AMPZJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/R68AMPZJ"],"itemData":{"id":762,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Aging power grid on overload as U.S. demands more electricity","container-title":"Washington Post","section":"Transportation","source":"www.washingtonpost.com","abstract":"The aging power grid is on overload as U.S. demands more electricity","URL":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/aging-power-grid-on-overload-as-us-demands-more-electricity/2012/08/01/gJQAB5LDQX_story.html","ISSN":"0190-8286","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Halsey III","given":"Ashley"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",8,1]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Halsey III, 2012).

Smart grid is an electrical network for monitoring and managing the delivery of electricity from the production sources to the end consumer. It uses digital and other innovative technology such as information and communication technology. It is designed to address issues like energy wastage due to old electric grid systems, poor transport monitoring, and distribution sources ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i0kmgyYI","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Shomali & Pinkse, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Shomali & Pinkse, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":764,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/R7365X5E"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/R7365X5E"],"itemData":{"id":764,"type":"article-journal","title":"The consequences of smart grids for the business model of electricity firms","container-title":"Journal of cleaner production","page":"3830-3841","volume":"112","author":[{"family":"Shomali","given":"Azadeh"},{"family":"Pinkse","given":"Jonatan"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Shomali & Pinkse, 2016). This new system will introduce the improved energy infrastructures and allow the producers and consumers to control the energy demand and bring changes in network management.

Some of the challenges associated with the implementation of the smart grid are changing the supply network, supplies and the regulation plan. The regulators and the consumers will have to adapt to the new system which might not be quite feasible or quick. There are also issues related to the security and privacy of energy consumption on the user end ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"KEicWCpJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Xiao, 2013)","plainCitation":"(Xiao, 2013)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":778,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/DPJNCKN5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/DPJNCKN5"],"itemData":{"id":778,"type":"book","title":"Security and Privacy in Smart Grids","publisher":"CRC Press","number-of-pages":"357","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Presenting the work of prominent researchers working on smart grids and related fields around the world, Security and Privacy in Smart Grids identifies state-of-the-art approaches and novel technologies for smart grid communication and security. It investigates the fundamental aspects and applications of smart grid security and privacy and reports on the latest advances in the range of related areas—making it an ideal reference for students, researchers, and engineers in these fields.The book explains grid security development and deployment and introduces novel approaches for securing today’s smart grids. Supplying an overview of recommendations for a technical smart grid infrastructure, the book describes how to minimize power consumption and utility expenditure in data centers. It also: Details the challenges of cybersecurity for smart grid communication infrastructures Covers the regulations and standards relevant to smart grid security Explains how to conduct vulnerability assessments for substation automation systems Considers smart grid automation, SCADA system security, and smart grid security in the last mile The book’s chapters work together to provide you with a framework for implementing effective security through this growing system. Numerous figures, illustrations, graphs, and charts are included to aid in comprehension. With coverage that includes direct attacks, smart meters, and attacks via networks, this versatile reference presents actionable suggestions you can put to use immediately to prevent such attacks.","ISBN":"978-1-4398-7783-8","note":"Google-Books-ID: QQ2oY0IrRM8C","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Xiao","given":"Yang"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013",7,22]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Xiao, 2013). Another challenge that smart grid faces is the changing pattern of the energy demand. As there have been changes in the energy costs and environmental concerns, consumers have been trying to shift to renewable energy. These inconsistencies are a big threat for the execution of smart grid systems ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"e351zpQ3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Feller, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Feller, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":774,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/PECQX3AB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/OnfrXiA2/items/PECQX3AB"],"itemData":{"id":774,"type":"webpage","title":"What Next Smart Grid Development? Challenges and Opportunities","container-title":"Transmission & Distribution World","abstract":"Part II: Today’s electric utility companies have their hands full with myriad dilemmas","URL":"https://www.tdworld.com/smart-grid/what-next-smart-grid-development-challenges-and-opportunities","title-short":"What Next Smart Grid Development?","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Feller","given":"Gordon"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",12,11]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,30]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Feller, 2018).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Feller, G. (2018, December 11). What Next Smart Grid Development? Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved November 30, 2019, from Transmission & Distribution World website: https://www.tdworld.com/smart-grid/what-next-smart-grid-development-challenges-and-opportunities

Halsey III, A. (2012, August 1). Aging power grid on overload as U.S. demands more electricity. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/aging-power-grid-on-overload-as-us-demands-more-electricity/2012/08/01/gJQAB5LDQX_story.html

Shomali, A., & Pinkse, J. (2016). The consequences of smart grids for the business model of electricity firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 3830–3841.

Xiao, Y. (2013). Security and Privacy in Smart Grids. CRC Press.