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Guided questions Answer Template (Please do not Remove the questions)
Guided Question
Qualitative Study
Quantitative Study
Aim andSignificance (5 marks 200 words)
a. What was the aim and significance of the study?
This study aims to explore the experiences, along with the perspective of nurses in preventing the errors which occur due to the administration of medication (Smeulers et al., 2014). The importance of this study is in the fact that it will help in exploring a complex topic. It is essential in streamlining the thoughts and perceptions of nurses through the interview method and integrative approach. This study is also significant in improving the safety measures for the medication administration. It also aimed at providing an overview of thoughts and deliberations from all the levels of nursing, either it is managerial or functional.
The main aim of this study is to discover the association of workplace supports and relationships with the practice of safe medication within the graduate nurses (Sahay, Hutchinson & East, 2015). This study is important because it will investigate the reasons behind unsupportive, harmful and disruptive organizational conduct in healthcare organizations. The sample of recent graduate nurses signifies the reason that due to their initial stage of work practice, they are more vulnerable to such factors at a workplace. The errors are more likely to occur from these recently graduate nurses than the experienced nurses. This study will help in studying the climates of the workplace, whether or not they are supportive in comparison to working or relationships.
Methods (10 marks 700 words)
a. Identify the
research design used
in the study and was
it appropriate for the
issue discussed?
The research design used is a qualitative interview or exploratory study, in which twenty nurses from an academic medical centre were interviewed. These interviews were they exclusively give self-evaluation and dated back from March to December of 2011. The method is accurate for determining the perspective of nurses on errors of administering medication in patients because of experiences about the mistakes they have made in the past. Also, the interviews will tell about their experiences, identifying the potential interventions for future carefulness in this regard. The interview method is therefore helpful in determining the cognitions and view of nurses without any external interference.
The research design used is the descriptive quantitative survey, which included a broader subsequent study of mixed method. The online survey method is used for a large number of participants or big data. Therefore for researching 58 nurses spread out in two states, it was best to use the survey method which will provide with the self-report measures of the individuals themselves. A sample is in large amount so this method is appropriately used by the researchers to gather the data from two different states. This method helped in inferring the results from a larger sample of nurses by doing an online survey on the undergraduate nurse and their outcomes related to the supportive work environment and relationships regarding the safe practice of medicine.
b. Discuss the sampling technique, inclusion and exclusion criteria used for the selection of sample in the study
Initially, the purposive sampling technique was used for developing higher heterogeneity level. It was used for approaching nurses on managerial as well as operational level. The general criterion at the beginning was determined on the nursing managers, nursing ward managers, and safety and quality innovators (Wilson et al., 2016). The other technique involved snowball sampling; it was aimed at obtaining the nurses from different departments and all levels of seniority and training. The exclusion criteria were for those nurses who were not directly involved with the preparation and administration of the medicines.
The sampling consisted of 58 nurses who recently graduated from the college of nursing. The nurses included in this study were selected from the graduate level, i.e., registered nurses who have the clinical practice of 18-24 months. Thus all other nurses of higher level or experienced levels were excluded from the study. These nurses were recruited from the three different Australian schools or universities of nursing.
c. Explore the data collection method and its appropriateness to the research design of the study
The method for collection of data varied according to the interviews. As semi-structured interviews, where participants were allowed to speak openly with using a topic list provided by the instructor. The topic which was initially given was compressed into two scopes after the collection of interviews from 12 interviewees. The collection method took place through e-mail of the topic list, contained, consent form, and reassurance of confidentiality. After the interview, all the written consent forms were collected from the participants. At last, they were collected in the form of verbatim and recordings, with the informed consent of the nurses.
The three participating universities’ database confined the data of 1425 recently graduated nurses. Estimated, it was inferred that only 30% of these graduates reserved university accounts for emails which were active. Therefore it provided a possible sample of 427 respondents potentially. The link of the survey by the administrative staff of these three universities was emailed to the recent and selected graduates devoid of the direct participation from the team of researchers. For improving the rates of response, the reminders at every email were conducted for three successive fortnights by the faculties of health representatives of every participating university (Wilson et al., 2016). The probability of getting an online response is measured to be 20b-40, which indicates that a sample size of 50 assembles to the smallest threshold for the initial researches. In total 58 recent graduates completed the survey.
Data analysis and results (10 marks 600 words)
a. How was the data analysed and was it appropriate for the study?
The data were analysed in parallel with the M.S. and A.O interviewing processes, following the qualitative research guidelines, for this the researchers utilized MAXQDA10software. The coding of each interview took place in the software. Then until the further consensus on coding tree happened, the codes of every interview were discussed. For the first five interviews, the coding took place iteratively, the remaining five was divided among both authors, one was coding, and other was reviewing. By this method, relevant themes about experience and perspective of the nurses were identified in medication administering error. The parts of the text were sorted and analysed according to the themes which were deduced from coding interpretation. The remaining co-authors supported the process by verifying and reviewing the outcomes. This method is appropriate because this software and coding are necessary to identify the linking themes from the interviews of the nurses. Further, the interviews were in a large amount, so they needed the method mentioned above for accuracy.
The data was transferred and collected from the online platform known as Qualtrics, from the university websites and then the researchers analysed the data by using version 20 of Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The descriptive statistics were made to run on a complete data set for identifying the logical answers and the possibility of any missing data or misinterpretation of data. Subsequently, the frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation and analysis of Spearman's correlation of the data are deduced by the authors by using SPSS. Then the data was analyzed and represented into tabular, and the results were inferred. The method of data collection is appropriate for this type of research as SPSS is the tool which is helpful for data interpretation of the larger samples. As in this case, the sample of 58 graduated nurses was run on SPSS, and then the other result was inferred from this tool, i.e., mean, standard deviation, and Spearman's correlation.
b. What were the findings/results of the study?
The three themes emerged as the outcome of the study. Firstly, the intense feeling of responsibilities and roles nurses exhibit in the safe use of the medication with the patients. They acknowledged the necessity of using the medication with alertness and precise concentrations. They accepted their pivotal role in giving safety medication to the patients. Secondly, the ability of nurses for working securely in their routine work is also seen as an outcome of the study. This emerged from the awareness of the medication error through the report of incidents or self-measured. Lastly, the acceptance by the nurses of practices which are safe and secure. This depends on the circumstances and condition of the nurses during the medication administration.
The results or findings of the study are that the mean duration of the time this study took was calculated as 13.2 mo0nths. The majority of nurses were practising in the acute, surgical or community settings of healthcare. The two-third sample agreed upon making the errors related to the medication. The identification of medication error patters was made through cross tabulation in the areas of practice. The graduates practising in the surgical area reported higher errors in medication safety. Subsequently, the other highest reported area was of acute and specialty practice. In dichotomous replies, the nurses were asked about the errors made by other participants; the majority reported with a ‘yes.' A two-thirds sample reported that they did not report medication errors due to being afraid of the bullying by other nurses. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the influence of hostile and troublesome behaviour of the nurses who recently graduated on the practice of medicine.
c. Discuss the limitations and recommendations of the study?
The limitations of this study are related to the factors that great roles of the nurse's manager and nurses were not explored in the medication safety, and also the incentives and interventions of the practice did not determine in this study. The recommendations provided are that nursing managers should identify the worth of the clinical reasoning given by the nurses; it is valuable for the safe medication administration. Also, the nurse is advised to be prepared with the knowledge and skills necessary for leadership. This will help the nurses in performing this role more accurately.
The primary limitation indicated in this study is the method used for accessing the recently graduated nurses. The participants were reached through last known email account provided on the database of the university. Some of the emails were inaccessible due to old accounts. It may have impacted the respondent's profile. The other weakness is seen through the utilization of convenient sampling method, measures of self-report and information lacking; hence it affected the accuracy of the results. The recommendations given can be used to enhance further studies conducted on the same research question. Large scale research can be used in the future to infer accurate and objective study outcomes.
References
Sahay, A., Hutchinson, M., & East, L. (2015). Exploring the influence of workplace supports and relationships on safe medication practice: A pilot study of Australian graduate nurses. Nurse education today, 35(5), e21-e26.
Smeulers, M., Underwater, A. T., van Zwieten, M. C., & Vermeulen, H. (2014). Nurses' experiences and perspectives on medication safety practices: an explorative qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Management, 22(3), 276-285.
Wilson, A. J., Palmer, L., Levett-Jones, T., Gilligan, C., & Outram, S. (2016). Interprofessional collaborative practice for medication safety: Nursing, pharmacy, and medical graduates’ experiences and perspectives. Journal of interprofessional care, 30(5), 649-654.
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