Final Paper
[Name of the Writer]
[Name of the Institution]
Final Paper
America is the nation of diversity where people from different regions come and live for studies or employment. An increase in diversity is beneficial for the nation in various aspect, however, it is also alarming for the safety of the American culture and citizens. Donald Trump and his administration introduced strict immigration laws to ensure the safety of the nation. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the behavior of the immigrants whether they respect law enforcement or not. It is crucial to know as diversity sometimes leads to conflict due to differences in opinions.
Literature Review
Under Obama administration laws for immigrants were not as strict as it is under Trump administration. Research ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"x355LTUE","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Immigration and the Bully Pulpit,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Immigration and the Bully Pulpit,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1871,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XP3DRRYM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XP3DRRYM"],"itemData":{"id":1871,"type":"webpage","title":"Immigration and the Bully Pulpit","URL":"https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/05/immigration-and-the-bully-pulpit/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Immigration and the Bully Pulpit,” n.d.) Identifies the impact of immigrant laws on the immigrants both during the Obama administration and Trump administration. The report indicates that policies like travel ban on a few refugees and foreign nationals and then mapped out the efforts of interior immigration enforcement are introduced by Trump administration. In addition, ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"hhOFKZGO","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hidalgo, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Hidalgo, 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1868,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/Z8PJS4DG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/Z8PJS4DG"],"itemData":{"id":1868,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Journal of Political Philosophy","DOI":"10.1111/jopp.12051","ISSN":"1467-9760","issue":"4","language":"en","page":"450-470","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"Resistance to Unjust Immigration Restrictions","volume":"23","author":[{"family":"Hidalgo","given":"Javier"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hidalgo, 2015) shows that there is unjust restriction recorded on the border which can make immigrants aggressive and unfaithful to the nation. These immigrants can evade land and will use defensive force which is alarming. The author of the research explained that if the immigration restrictions are unjust then it is important to practice defensive arguments to justify actual acts related to the laws for immigration. Authors in ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Z4znevQ8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nichols, LeBr\\uc0\\u243{}n, & Pedraza, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Nichols, LeBrón, & Pedraza, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1869,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/AHK8GZUC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/AHK8GZUC"],"itemData":{"id":1869,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"To what extent do people become less trusting of the government under threatening policy contexts? The authors find evidence that Secure Communities, a bureaucratic program that enhances immigrant policing through collaboration between local law and immigration enforcement agencies, spurs mistrust among Latinos but not non-Latinos. This article focuses on the politics of immigration and health, two issue areas marked by large-scale bureaucratic developments over the last 50 years. The authors argue that a major consequence of expanding immigrant policing is its trickle-down effect on how individuals view public institutions charged with the provision of public goods, such as health information. The results indicate that Latinos in locales where immigrant policing is most intense express lower levels of trust in government as a source of health information. Through a policy feedback lens, the findings suggest that the state's deployment of immigrant policing conveys more widespread lessons about the trustworthiness of government.","container-title":"Public Administration Review","DOI":"10.1111/puar.12916","ISSN":"1540-6210","issue":"3","language":"en","page":"432-443","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"Spillover Effects: Immigrant Policing and Government Skepticism in Matters of Health for Latinos","title-short":"Spillover Effects","volume":"78","author":[{"family":"Nichols","given":"Vanessa Cruz"},{"family":"LeBrón","given":"Alana M. W."},{"family":"Pedraza","given":"Francisco I."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nichols, LeBrón, & Pedraza, 2018) explain that the decision by Latino to live in America is based on two primary reasons that are immigrants policing between Mexico and America and cross-jurisdiction coordination. For the purpose, welfare arm organizations are ensnared with the law implementation arm of the state.
Author of ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"DXtnw8mU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Times, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Times, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1862,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TAPL2KQT"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/TAPL2KQT"],"itemData":{"id":1862,"type":"webpage","abstract":"“I’m extremely grateful for everybody here,” said Karen Menendez Coller, director of Centro Hispano. “We've had a year of crisis. I’ve never cried as much in my life as I","container-title":"madison.com","language":"en","title":"'A year of crisis': Madison's Latino community looks back on 2017","title-short":"'A year of crisis'","URL":"https://madison.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/a-year-of-crisis-madison-s-latino-community-looks-back/article_6188c4e6-3609-5fec-92c1-c29fd04fcf13.html","author":[{"family":"Times","given":"Lisa Speckhard Pasque | The Capital"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",12,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Times, n.d.), claims that one of the major reason for the conflict and mistrust between law enforcement officers and immigrants is the communication gap. Hispanic families show the least trust towards law enforcement officials as they have controlled their activities. Communication is least between immigrants and law enforcement which leads to various rumors and negativity for each other. The impact of this gap can be observed through ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4B9XOufi","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rhodes et al., 2015)","plainCitation":"(Rhodes et al., 2015)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1864,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XYID3CNE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/XYID3CNE"],"itemData":{"id":1864,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"OBJECTIVES: We sought to understand how local immigration enforcement policies affect the utilization of health services among immigrant Hispanics/Latinos in North Carolina.\nMETHODS: In 2012, we analyzed vital records data to determine whether local implementation of section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act and the Secure Communities program, which authorizes local law enforcement agencies to enforce federal immigration laws, affected the prenatal care utilization of Hispanics/Latinas. We also conducted 6 focus groups and 17 interviews with Hispanic/Latino persons across North Carolina to explore the impact of immigration policies on their utilization of health services.\nRESULTS: We found no significant differences in utilization of prenatal care before and after implementation of section 287(g), but we did find that, in individual-level analysis, Hispanic/Latina mothers sought prenatal care later and had inadequate care when compared with non-Hispanic/Latina mothers. Participants reported profound mistrust of health services, avoiding health services, and sacrificing their health and the health of their family members.\nCONCLUSIONS: Fear of immigration enforcement policies is generalized across counties. Interventions are needed to increase immigrant Hispanics/Latinos' understanding of their rights and eligibility to utilize health services. Policy-level initiatives are also needed (e.g., driver's licenses) to help undocumented persons access and utilize these services.","container-title":"American Journal of Public Health","DOI":"10.2105/AJPH.2014.302218","ISSN":"1541-0048","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"Am J Public Health","language":"eng","note":"PMID: 25521886\nPMCID: PMC4318326","page":"329-337","source":"PubMed","title":"The impact of local immigration enforcement policies on the health of immigrant hispanics/latinos in the United States","volume":"105","author":[{"family":"Rhodes","given":"Scott D."},{"family":"Mann","given":"Lilli"},{"family":"Simán","given":"Florence M."},{"family":"Song","given":"Eunyoung"},{"family":"Alonzo","given":"Jorge"},{"family":"Downs","given":"Mario"},{"family":"Lawlor","given":"Emma"},{"family":"Martinez","given":"Omar"},{"family":"Sun","given":"Christina J."},{"family":"O'Brien","given":"Mary Claire"},{"family":"Reboussin","given":"Beth A."},{"family":"Hall","given":"Mark A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rhodes et al., 2015) research that highlights the health quality of Hispanics people. These immigrants do not acquire health facilities and policies related to healthcare and sacrifice their wellbeing especially mothers or newborn babies. In addition, no steps are taken from the policymakers and law enforcement to encourage minor communities to get these facilities. This is important because legal immigrants should have access to all resources while illegal immigrants should be control claimed by the author of an article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"N7dph2Ab","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kent & Carmichael, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Kent & Carmichael, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1861,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/BHJQQJVL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/BHJQQJVL"],"itemData":{"id":1861,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The devolution of immigration law has increased local police involvement in the enforcement of federal immigration law. But only some departments have responded by implementing policies that restrict their officers' involvement in order to protect residents from overzealous policing. We test theories of economic and ethnic threat to explore the structural characteristics of cities that explain this variation. Multiple regression results show that the most unequal cities that have large Hispanic populations are less likely to have a policy. Hispanic white segregation and high unemployment also reduce the likelihood of policy implementation. We discuss theoretical and policy implications.","container-title":"Sociological Inquiry","DOI":"10.1111/soin.12155","ISSN":"1475-682X","issue":"3","language":"en","page":"421-448","source":"Wiley Online Library","title":"Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops: Do Social Factors Determine How Aggressively Local Police Respond to Unauthorized Immigrants?","title-short":"Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops","volume":"87","author":[{"family":"Kent","given":"Stephanie L."},{"family":"Carmichael","given":"Jason T."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kent & Carmichael, 2017). All these issues lead to social isolation claimed by ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tnkieut6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Theodore & Habans, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Theodore & Habans, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1875,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/V8JAAVN6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/V8JAAVN6"],"itemData":{"id":1875,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Using data from a survey of 2004 Latinos in four urban counties in the USA, this paper considers a question that has not been systematically investigated: how has increasing police involvement in immigration enforcement impacted the perceptions of the police that are held by immigrant and non-immigrant Latinos? Survey results indicate that many Latinos report fear of police, contributing to their social isolation and exacerbating their mistrust of law enforcement authorities. A substantial portion of Latino respondents report that they would be less likely to voluntarily contact the police if they are the victim of a crime, or to provide information about a crime, because they fear that police would use this contact as an opportunity to investigate their immigration status or that of their friends and family members. We use regression analysis to further analyse the determinants of these responses. Our findings suggest that negative encounters with police involving questions of immigration status and perceived unfair treatment, as well as vulnerabilities due to immigration and documentation status, contribute to social isolation and hesitancy to report crimes to police. These findings have implications for cooperation between police and Latino communities, particularly since local authorities have been enrolled in immigration enforcement.","container-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies","DOI":"10.1080/1369183X.2015.1126090","ISSN":"1369-183X","issue":"6","page":"970-988","source":"Taylor and Francis+NEJM","title":"Policing immigrant communities: Latino perceptions of police involvement in immigration enforcement","title-short":"Policing immigrant communities","volume":"42","author":[{"family":"Theodore","given":"Nik"},{"family":"Habans","given":"Robert"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",5,2]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Theodore &Habans, 2016). Latinos take the least help from law enforcement in case of a crime report o any other legal emergency. They have the fear that officers will be biased and they will use their information against them.
Rumors about illegal immigrants can spread fear among people and research ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2m2vGGAj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Simpson, Simpson, & Cruz-Mil\\uc0\\u225{}n, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Simpson, Simpson, & Cruz-Milán, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1877,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/6CILIM8M"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/6CILIM8M"],"itemData":{"id":1877,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"This study was conducted in the midst of a surge of undocumented immigrants into a popular seasonal migrant destination in the U.S. and the subsequent state response of adding security forces. Factors examined include the effects of the role of media in shaping perceptions about security forces, perceptions about security force effectiveness, perceptions of undocumented immigrants and political orientation. The study of 413 respondents found that attitudes toward undocumented immigrants affect felt safety in the region, likelihood of recommending and returning to the region. Perceptions of the effectiveness of the security forces were important in affecting likelihood of recommending the region to others but not return intention. These and other findings contribute significantly to the scant research on both effectiveness of crises management responses and on effects of perceptions of undocumented immigrants on traveler behavior.","container-title":"Tourism Management","DOI":"10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.021","ISSN":"0261-5177","journalAbbreviation":"Tourism Management","language":"en","page":"373-386","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Attitude towards immigrants and security: Effects on destination-loyal tourists","title-short":"Attitude towards immigrants and security","volume":"57","author":[{"family":"Simpson","given":"Joseph J."},{"family":"Simpson","given":"Penny M."},{"family":"Cruz-Milán","given":"Oliver"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",12,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Simpson, Simpson, & Cruz-Milán, 2016) raise questions against the effectiveness of law enforcement officers. It also affects the feeling of safety which can lead to a decline in tourism in the nation. This perception is developed due to the behavior of policy agencies against communities. The way police treated different communities it increased the division between secure and insecure communities. Similar information is shared by the authors of an article ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ftuzYs5A","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Menj\\uc0\\u237{}var & Bejarano, 2004)","plainCitation":"(Menjívar & Bejarano, 2004)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":1881,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZRNXTJ8S"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/ZRNXTJ8S"],"itemData":{"id":1881,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Many studies that link immigration and crime focus on assessing rates and explaining incidence. In this article we attempt to elucidate the immigrants’ fear of crime and their perceptions of U.S. authorities as these impinge on their relations with the police and on their own insertion in the host society. Based on sixty-one in-depth interviews with immigrants from Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico and on participant observation conducted in Phoenix, Arizona, we identify three immigrant-specific factors that affect immigrants’ perceptions of crime and the police. These are: a bifocal lens, that is, the immigrants’ former experiences with crime and their homelands’ justice system; contacts with U.S. immigration officials; and the social networks through which they learn what to expect in the United States from U.S. police authorities, as well as when and where to expect criminal activity, and who may be a potential criminal.","container-title":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","DOI":"10.1080/0141987032000147968","ISSN":"0141-9870, 1466-4356","issue":"1","journalAbbreviation":"Ethnic and Racial Studies","language":"en","page":"120-148","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","title":"Latino immigrants’ perceptions of crime and police authorities in the United States: A case study from the Phoenix Metropolitan area","title-short":"Latino immigrants’ perceptions of crime and police authorities in the United States","volume":"27","author":[{"family":"Menjívar","given":"Cecilia"},{"family":"Bejarano","given":"Cynthia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2004",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Menjívar&Bejarano, 2004). They interviewed minorities and the result shows that three immigrant-specific factors that affect immigrants’ perceptions of crime and the police. It includes a bifocal lens, contacts with U.S. immigration officials; and social networks.
Discussion
In America, every new administration introduces various laws and regulations for immigrants. The main reason for immigration laws and restrictions on immigrants is to ensure the safety of the American people. Obama administration presented various policies that not only secure the American people but also gave new opportunities and security to the legal immigrants. However, the incident of 9/11 left the fear among the people regarding immigrants and other religions. Due to such terrorist incidence, law enforcement became strict towards minorities. Trump administration is against immigrants and religions like Islam. Trump policies like the ban on few refugees are more strict and narrow than previous administrations. New policies resulted in the deporting of various immigrants who were living in America for the past many years. These laws are restrictions have increased the conflicts between law enforcement officers and minority communities.
There is a perception among white Americans and law enforcement that immigrants might use their land against them. In addition, they can create conflict to snatch their resources and land from them. Therefore, immigrants are ignored by law enforcement and their behavior is recorded as biased. Various researches based on the relationship between law enforcement officials and the Latino community indicate the insecurity and behavior of law enforcement officers. They have a communication gap due to the mistrust of each other. Latino people feel insecure by asking for help from law enforcement. This is because on various occasions law enforcement tried to control the activities of the Latino community. Not only Latino law enforcement control activities of other religious people as well. For instance, Muslims are restricted to the place during their festival of Eid and Ramadan. Similarly, Hindus and Sikhs festivals are also controlled by law enforcement. Law enforcement sometimes applies restrictions for security purpose but minor communities take it as unjust as they also demand freedom so they can practice their ritual or celebrate festivals.
The action of law enforcement officers develops insecurity among minority community that research indicates that even in the case of emergency or crime, immigrants do not take help from law enforcement. They feel insecure that their information can be misused or their personal information is not secure in the hand of law enforcement. This increases the gap between minority communities and law enforcement. The gap might result in conflict and misunderstanding which can lead to rebel or other protests against law enforcement. Immigrants who are legal and are living in the nation from so many years avoid nation's policies and programs for their benefits. For instance, the mother of newborn babies does not take healthcare facilities for rapid recovery. Instead, they avoid such facilities to stay away from the people of administration and law enforcement.
Therefore, the government should take steps to increase the trust between law enforcement and immigrants. It is important to deport or take action against illegal immigrants but at the same time, it is the duty of the official to provide the best facilities to the legal immigrants. People from all around the world come to America for better opportunities and lifestyles. Therefore, their needs and demands should be fulfilled in the most effective way.
Conclusion
There is a communication gap between law enforcement and immigrants. Trump administration has made policies against immigrants which increased the insecurity among immigrants. On the other hand, the action of law enforcement has restricted the immigrants that they avoid interacting with them in an emergency. In addition, immigrants are not taking basic opportunities from the nation due to misunderstandings between law enforcement and them. It is the duty of the government to ensure the secure feelings for immigrants and to decrease the gap between immigrants and law enforcement officers.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Hidalgo, J. (2015). Resistance to Unjust Immigration Restrictions. Journal of Political Philosophy, 23(4), 450–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopp.12051
Immigration and the Bully Pulpit. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2019, from https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/05/immigration-and-the-bully-pulpit/
Kent, S. L., & Carmichael, J. T. (2017). Municipal Law Enforcement Policy on Illegal Immigration Stops: Do Social Factors Determine How Aggressively Local Police Respond to Unauthorized Immigrants? Sociological Inquiry, 87(3), 421–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12155
Kubrin, C. E. (2014). Secure or Insecure Communities?: Seven Reasons to Abandon the Secure Communities Program. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(2), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12086
Menjívar, C., &Bejarano, C. (2004). Latino immigrants’ perceptions of crime and police authorities in the United States: A case study from the Phoenix Metropolitan area. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27(1), 120–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987032000147968
Nichols, V. C., LeBrón, A. M. W., & Pedraza, F. I. (2018). Spillover Effects: Immigrant Policing and Government Skepticism in Matters of Health for Latinos. Public Administration Review, 78(3), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12916
Rhodes, S. D., Mann, L., Simán, F. M., Song, E., Alonzo, J., Downs, M., … Hall, M. A. (2015). The impact of local immigration enforcement policies on the health of immigrant hispanics/latinos in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302218
Simpson, J. J., Simpson, P. M., & Cruz-Milán, O. (2016). Attitude towards immigrants and security: Effects on destination-loyal tourists. Tourism Management, 57, 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.06.021
Theodore, N., &Habans, R. (2016). Policing immigrant communities: Latino perceptions of police involvement in immigration enforcement. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(6), 970–988. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1126090
Times, L. S. P. | T. C. (n.d.). “A year of crisis”: Madison’s Latino community looks back on 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2019, from Madison.com website: https://madison.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/a-year-of-crisis-madison-s-latino-community-looks-back/article_6188c4e6-3609-5fec-92c1-c29fd04fcf13.html
