c__ bjbj,E,E 7XN/N/L XXXXXlll8(4l
.6YD-------/2N-X-XX-UUUXX-U-UUhpltx--0
.2a2 2X,U--U
.2 RUNNING HEAD AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS STUDIES
Essay Plan To The Major Essay
Name of the writer
Name of the institution
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOC o 1-3 h z u HYPERLINK l _Toc20374025 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc20374025 h 3
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374026 Thesis Statement PAGEREF _Toc20374026 h 3
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374027 Discussion PAGEREF _Toc20374027 h 4
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374028 The legal framework suppressing the rights of Indigenous Australians PAGEREF _Toc20374028 h 4
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374029 Racial Discrimination and the Australian Constitution PAGEREF _Toc20374029 h 5
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374030 Discrimination despite the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 PAGEREF _Toc20374030 h 6
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374031 Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc20374031 h 7
HYPERLINK l _Toc20374032 References PAGEREF _Toc20374032 h 9
Essay Plan To The Major Essay
Introduction
When the British colonized the Australian continent, the Indigenous Australians were treated poorly by them (Cane, 2014).
They had no form of society and stripped them off of land ownership and sovereignty
The Commonwealth Government was formed in 1901 it did not recognized their rights either.
Indigenous Australians did not contribute anything in the constitutional development in Australia, yet they have been subjected to discrimination of all sorts.
Although the enforcement of democracy in Australia resulted in a stable form of government, numerous legal frameworks within the Australian constitution undermine the rights of Indigenous Australians (Cane, 2014).
The political representatives and public constituencies did not defend the Indigenous Rights which exacerbated the matter further.
Thesis Statement
This paper intends to identify the legal frameworks within the Australian constitution that are against Indigenous rights. Moreover, some recent actions of successive Australian governments to subvert the Racial Discrimination Act, 1975 will be discussed.
Discussion
The legal framework suppressing the rights of Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians have been living on the Australian continent for more than 45,000 years (Freeman, 2016).
When the British came and occupied Australia, history was completely disregarded by them.
The British declared complete sovereignty over the Australians continent in 1788 with no framework in place to give protection to the rights of Indigenous Australians.
The British imperial government declared Australia as a penal colony.
Indigenous Australians enjoyed no human rights, no civil rights, and could not claim any sovereignty over the land they have been living for thousands of years (Freeman, 2016).
The ideas and belief of Terra Nullius have been ingrained deeply in the Australian society.
The law enforced in Australia has been the source that has always denied the rights of Indigenous Australians.
In 1992, the Mabo decision tried to reconcile the enforced common law with the modern ideas of justice and international standards of human rights and reject the notion of terra nullius (Freeman, 2016).
Due to severe pressure, the High Court kept all land titles given by the Crown to all non-Indigenous lands.
This case is an example that cements the fact that there exists a legal framework that has been suppressing the rights of Indigenous Australians.
Racial Discrimination and the Australian Constitution
The Australian Constitution was formed when the six Australian colonies decided to unite at the end of the 19th Century (Cronin, 2017).
The lawmakers recognized the importance of military, trade, and commerce when the six self-governing states were unified at the end of the 19th Century.
Between 1890 and 1898, several meetings were held of the newly unified States, to come up with a draft Constitution which was later to be put at a referendum.
These meetings did not include the participation of any ethnic and Indigenous Australians
The Australian Constitution underpins promoting the leadership of Australians of British descendants only, While suppressing rights of Indigenous people.
The Constitution that was promulgated by the British Parliament in 1900 had only two references to Indigenous Australians.
Section 51 of the Constitution allowed the Parliament to promulgate any law regarding people of different races but Aboriginal race (Cronin, 2017).
Section 127 states that Commonwealth and State would not account native people in their census.
The purpose of these clauses was to limit Australian states so that they would not attain more seats than reserved in the Parliament of Commonwealth by using large Indigenous Australian populations living in respective states.
A referendum that was held in 1967 was based on the demand of Equality for Indigenous Australians.
The Referendum witnessed 90 of people in favour of equality for the Indigenous Australians. Moreover, the Referendum resulted in the elimination of Section 127 and the exclusion of words of an Aboriginal race from Section 51.
Following the Referendum, Commonwealth received the power that the States enjoyed concerning legislation that involved Indigenous Australians
However, the Referendum failed to solve the real issues of inequality the Indigenous Australians were facing and granting them any rights under the constitutions (Cronin, 2017).
The Australian Constitution miserably fails to render protection and giving recognition to the rights of Indigenous Australians.
Discrimination despite the Racial Discrimination Act 1975
Indigenous populations have to depend heavily on international human rights organizations to advocate for their rights.
Racial Discrimination Act (RDA), with its enforcement, became the first object that was accepted in the Commonwealth Parliament concerning human rights and anti-discrimination (Malaspinas et.al, 2016).
The RDA outlawed for every person to indulge in discriminatory behaviour based on nationality, ethnicity, or race.
However, The RDA has failed to put a curb on the acts of racial discrimination conducted against native people.
It has only proven to be vital in safeguarding the Indigenous Australians from the actions of Governments that are racially discriminating.
The RDA has not always protected the Indigenous Australians from racial discrimination because the Commonwealth Government still wields the power to abrogate the RDA at any moment (Malaspinas et.al, 2016).
In 1993, the Federal Labor Government was looking to validate some of the land titles issues during 1975 and 1993 by stopping the application of RDA by suspending its operation.
The Government undertook an approach called special measures after sever pressure
These are the measures taken positively to move forward the human rights of individuals hailing from any racial or ethnic groups.
This goes to show that RDA has not completely eliminated discrimination against the Indigenous Australians (Malaspinas et.al, 2016).
Conclusion
The reluctance of successive governments and courts, both historical and contemporary, shows the weaknesses of the Australian democratic system and government in a matter of recognition and protection of Indigenous rights (Pearson, 2014).
Australian democracy and constitutionalism have become a tool of majority populations to pursue their narrow self-interests only.
Indigenous Australians have never enjoyed significant political power or special constitutional status.
The resistance put up by the Indigenous Australians has been remarkable and can be witnessed in some of the recent processes that demanded recognition of the Indigenous Australians through the constitution.
Conservative elements, both in public and parliament, have expressed resolve to oppose any sort of action that would result in giving rights to Indigenous Australians in the Constitution (Pearson, 2014).
If this is the case, any process intended to grant Indigenous Australians constitutional rights is bound to fail and Indigenous Australians would continue to suffer.
References
Cane, S., 2014.First footprints the epic story of the first Australians. Allen Unwin.
Cronin, D., 2017. Trapped by history democracy, human rights and justice for indigenous people in Australia.Australian Journal of Human Rights,23(2), pp.220-241.
Freeman, D., 2016.The forgotten people liberal and conservative approaches to recognising Indigenous peoples. Random House Australia.
Malaspinas, A.S., Westaway, M.C., Muller, C., Sousa, V.C., Lao, O., Alves, I., Bergstrm, A., Athanasiadis, G., Cheng, J.Y., Crawford, J.E. and Heupink, T.H., 2016. A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia.Nature,538(7624), p.207.
Pearson, N., 2014. A rightful place Race, recognition and a more complete Commonwealth.Quarterly Essay, (55), p.1.
AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS STUDIES PAGE MERGEFORMAT 2
034RSfVf7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhhx6CJOJQJaJ(jhhx6CJOJQJUaJhjh5CJOJQJaJhx5CJOJQJaJhjhi5CJOJQJaJhjhx5CJOJQJaJhLCJOJQJaJhjh CJOJQJaJhjhxCJOJQJaJhLhLCJOJQJaJhjhxCJOJQJaJ,-./01234Sh S
dagd mp dgd mp dEd1dh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHujhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu 2 3 4 M N O hLh-Ljqhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu
O P Q R S T U p q r s mN77-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHu
eOe0ejhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHujghh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu
@
A
eM7Mhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHujhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu
A
B
C
x
y
z
yZyFy..hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHuh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHujShh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu
dEd1dh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHujIhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu
U
y
Fdgdm
Fdgd@m
Fdgdmdgdipdagd@mpdagd mp dgd mp
0 1 2 3 X Y Z hLh-Ljhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu
Z _ mN77-hh6CJOJQJaJmHnHujhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuhh6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hh0J6CJOJQJaJmHnHu.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHu hYI.hLh@CJOJQJaJh@CJOJQJaJhjhx5CJOJQJaJhjhxCJOJQJaJ(jhhx6CJOJQJUaJ.hVh6CJOJPJQJaJmHnHu7jhh0J6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuh7c6CJOJQJaJmHnHu6jhh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHuj5hh6CJOJQJUaJmHnHu F G S T U
jkwxyzNOuee hhh@h@56CJOJQJhhCJOJQJhCJOJQJhh@5CJOJQJh@h@CJOJQJh@h@5CJOJQJhhCJOJQJhCJOJQJh@h@CJOJQJ hiph@CJOJPJQJaJhjheCJOJQJaJ)U
Fdgd@m
Fdgdm
Fdgdm
Fdgd@m
Fdgdmdgdipdgdip
dgdipO_ TUGHV @zkzkzkzkzkkhhCJOJQJaJhCJOJQJaJh@CJOJQJhhCJOJQJhh@56CJOJQJh@h@CJHOJQJ hiph@CJOJPJQJaJh@h@56CJOJQJh@h@CJOJQJhCJOJQJhhCJOJQJIXoT
ai
Fdgdm
Fdgd@mdgdip
Fdgdm
Fdgd@m@AYMNfghitQRad((((q_J_J)hrhi 6CJOJPJQJaJhrhi CJOJPJQJaJhu shi 6CJOJQJaJhu shi CJOJQJaJhu shxCJOJQJaJ hjhxh@CJOJQJhhCJOJQJhCJOJQJ hiph@CJOJPJQJaJh@h@CJOJQJhhCJOJQJhCJOJQJitcM()
dgd mp0d0gdu smp dgdu smp
dagdu s
Fdgd@m
Fdgdmdgdip(((( )))))))
futlhlhlhlhYhLhLCJOJQJaJhjhUhjhICJOJQJaJhjhJkCJOJQJaJhu shu sCJOJQJaJ)hXyhi 6CJOJPJQJaJhXyhi CJOJPJQJaJ)hrhi 6CJOJPJQJaJhi CJOJPJQJaJhrhi CJOJPJQJaJ dgd mpgdagdx
hjhICJOJQJaJhhh7cCJOJQJaJmHnHuhhxCJOJQJaJjhhxCJOJQJUaJhh)CJOJQJaJ
5
01hpj/ DyK
_Toc20374025DyK
_Toc20374025DyK
_Toc20374026DyK
_Toc20374026DyK
_Toc20374027DyK
_Toc20374027DyK
_Toc20374028DyK
_Toc20374028DyK
_Toc20374029DyK
_Toc20374029DyK
_Toc20374030DyK
_Toc20374030DyK
_Toc20374031DyK
_Toc20374031DyK
_Toc20374032DyK
_Toc20374032j 666666666vvvvvvvvv6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@Pp2( 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp 0@Pp8XV OJPJQJ_HmH nH sH tH JJ Normal dCJ_HaJmH sH tH @ x Heading 1@5CJ KH OJPJQJJaJ @ ip Heading 2@56CJOJPJQJJaJZ@Z x Heading 3@5CJOJPJQJJaJDA D Default Paragraph FontRiR 0 Table Normal4
l4a (k (
0No List 4@4 xHeader
4 4 xFooter
RoR x Header CharCJOJPJQJ_HaJmH sH tH VoV xHeading 1 Char5CJ KH OJPJQJJaJ Ro1R xHeading 3 Char5CJOJPJQJJaJV
AV xp TOC Heading@ BCJKHaJph6_@
ipTOC 1
dhmpFF
ipTOC 3
dhmp6Uq6 x0 Hyperlink BphD@D
0 Normal (Web)CJOJQJaJXoX ipHeading 2 Char56CJOJPJQJJaJ.@.
u spTOC 2
PKContent_Types.xmlN0EH-J@ULTB l,3rJBG7OVa(7IRpgLr85vuQ8CX6NJCFB..YTe55 _g -Yl6NPK6 _rels/.relsj0 Qv/C/(hO
Chvxp_P1H0ORBdJE4bq_6LR70O,En7Lib/SePKkytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M
@w7c(EbCA7K
Y,
e.,H,lxIsQ ,jGW)E
8PK0C)theme/theme/theme1.xmlYOo6w tocvu-MniP@Iama4lGRX6 )OrCy@/yH)UDbqJX)InEp)liV1MOP6rzgbIguSebORDqu gZolAplxpT0jzAV2Fi@qv5NleXdsjcs7f
W7g Jjh(KD-
dXiJ(x( I_TS 1EZBmU/xYy5g/GMGeD3Vqq8K)fw9
xrxwrTZaGy8IjbRcXI
u3KGnD1NIBs
RuKV.ELM2fi V vlu8zH
(W
JTeOtHGHYKNPT9/A7qZcqUnwNOi4 3N)cbJ
uV4(Tn
7_m-UBww_8(/0hFL)7iAs),Qg20ppf
DU4p
MDBJlC5
2FhsFYn3E69 45Z5k8Fmw- dznZ xJZp /P,)KQk5qpN8KGbe
Sd17 paSR
3K4rzQ
TTIIvtKcKv5DO@w_nNL9KqgVhn
RyUn/HrT
t.T
S ZP9giC B,X,I2UWV9lkAjAP79sYMChfooY1kyVV5E8Vk80X4D)fv
uxA@T_q64)kuV7 t i9s9x,-45xd8d/Yt LILJ -Gt/PK
theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM
0woo5
6Q
,.aic21hqm@RNdo7gK(MR(.1rJT8VAHubP8g/QAs(LPK-Content_Types.xmlPK-6 0_rels/.relsPK-kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-0C)theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-
theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK
xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneyes
aclrMap xmlnsahttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/drawingml/2006/main bg1lt1 tx1dk1 bg2lt2 tx2dk2 accent1accent1 accent2accent2 accent3accent3 accent4accent4 accent5accent5 accent6accent6 hlinkhlink folHlinkfolHlink/
X KKKKKN O
A
Z O@( )
i(3NPQSr By2Y
XXXXXXXX.FHN8@0(
B
S _Toc20374025 _Toc20374026 _Toc20374027 _Toc20374028 _Toc20374029 _Toc20374030 _Toc20374031 _Toc20374032
i
s(.fBLOY -5glrA c d 3333333333x x XSS(mKF/j6_rT-3h OJQJo(OJQJJo(o ppOJQJo( @ @ OJQJo(OJQJJo(o OJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o PPOJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o ppOJQJo( @ @ OJQJo(OJQJJo(o OJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o PPOJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o ppOJQJo( @ @ OJQJo(OJQJJo(o OJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o PPOJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o ppOJQJo( @ @ OJQJo(OJQJJo(o OJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o PPOJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o ppOJQJo( @ @ OJQJo(OJQJJo(o OJQJo( OJQJo(OJQJJo(o PPOJQJo(XmKFj6_-3hS( eii-ke1ilx2J5AtjAtJRKetvetfbkketAtQ2.0Vi b-w62p8Li7cJku sOtwx u(lRgZL)h58Xedzxw@qMyjip
I@h@UnknownGAx Times New Roman5Symbol3. Cx Arial7.@ Calibri7@Cambria Cx Courier NewWingdingsABCambria Mathq h3Xry_ _ n24uu3QHP PgZ2xx muhammadtehreemXYZ Oh0l
( 4
@LTdmuhammadtehreemNormalXYZ19Microsoft Office Word@q@@y@pVt _.,D.,, hp
u Title 8@ _PID_HLINKSA06,
_Toc203740326
_Toc203740316
_Toc203740307
_Toc203740297
_Toc203740287
_Toc203740277
_Toc203740267
_Toc20374025
(),./012346789@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNPQRSTUVXYZabeRoot Entry FpltdData
-1Table53WordDocument
7XSummaryInformation(ODocumentSummaryInformation8WMsoDataStorexltpltBK1FL5M0X0DW2xltpltItem
PropertiesUCompObj
r bSources SelectedStyleAPA.XSL StyleNameAPA xmlnsbhttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography xmlnshttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography/bSources
xml version1.0 encodingUTF-8 standaloneno
dsdatastoreItem dsitemID6C0AAF06-8B59-4B7E-B132-F6976A5F435A xmlnsdshttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/customXmldsschemaRefsdsschemaRef dsurihttp//schemas.openxmlformats.org/officeDocument/2006/bibliography//dsschemaRefs/dsdatastoreItem
F Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document
MSWordDocWord.Document.89q
