Debate 1

Name of Student

Name of Professor

Name of Class

Day Month Year

Debate 1

Don’t blame the mothers

The article manifests the ambiguities and limitations of the epigenetic research pertinent to the impact of early health across generations that can harm women. The news and reports reveal the manner these studies are largely simplified to focus on maternal manifestations. The timeline of events reflects society is adamant to blame mothers for the bad nutrition and health of their children. The Surgeon General of the United States, in 1981, suggested alcohol consumption was harmful to pregnant women irrespective to the level of consumption being minor or major ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zEwOh5hG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}Society: Don\\uc0\\u8217{}t Blame the Mothers\\uc0\\u8239{}: Nature News & Comment})","plainCitation":"(Society: Don’t Blame the Mothers : Nature News & Comment)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":318,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/h6KbaPMu/items/A2VZH6WL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/h6KbaPMu/items/A2VZH6WL"],"itemData":{"id":318,"type":"webpage","title":"Society: Don't blame the mothers : Nature News & Comment","URL":"https://www.nature.com/news/society-don-t-blame-the-mothers-1.15693","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Society: Don’t Blame the Mothers : Nature News & Comment). Thus, drinking in pregnancy was critically criminalized. Bars and other places were obligated to demonstrate signs to convey the message that drinking during pregnancy is likely to manifest birth defects. However, the contemporary era unleashes potentials indicators that the grandparents and fathers also contribute toward defining the health of the descendants. A wide range of studies has stipulated stress and diet change the sperm epigenetically and thus enhancing the risk of heart disease, schizophrenia and autism for the offspring. The framework of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) offers the comprehensive outlook of the rationale strategies to enhance the quality of life (QOL) for men and women.

Risky Drinking Patterns Are Being Continued into Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study

The study emphasizes the significance of risky drinking patterns that continue during pregnancy. It presents a cohort study to explicate the traits of women that are a part of drinking patterns before the phase of pregnancy. The changes in these patterns are assessed after pregnancy. A credible methodology is utilized that comprises 1577 women taken as subjects from the 1973-1976 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s health. The technique of multinomial logical regression was employed to identify the risky patterns that were deemed to continue and transition into pregnancy. The outcomes of the study revealed that the extent of risky drinking designs before pregnancy varied. 46% of the women were found binge drinking, 6% were found with weekly drinking and 48% reported both forms of drinking patterns ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IimkaYX6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anderson et al.)","plainCitation":"(Anderson et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":315,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/h6KbaPMu/items/UPF982QZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/h6KbaPMu/items/UPF982QZ"],"itemData":{"id":315,"type":"article-journal","title":"Risky Drinking Patterns Are Being Continued into Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study","container-title":"PLoS ONE","page":"e86171","volume":"9","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Background: Risky patterns of alcohol use prior to pregnancy increase the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies and subsequent adverse outcomes. It is important to understand how consumption changes once women become pregnant.\nObjective: The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of women that partake in risky drinking patterns before pregnancy and to examine how these patterns change once they become pregnant.\nMethods: A sample of 1577 women from the 1973–78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health were included if they first reported being pregnant in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 and reported risky drinking patterns prior to that pregnancy. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine which risky drinking patterns were most likely to continue into pregnancy.\nResults: When reporting risky drinking patterns prior to pregnancy only 6% of women reported weekly drinking only, whereas 46% reported binge drinking only and 48% reported both. Women in both binge categories were more likely to have experienced financial stress, not been partnered, smoked, used drugs, been nulliparous, experienced a violent relationship, and were less educated. Most women (46%) continued these risky drinking patterns into pregnancy, with 40% reducing these behaviors, and 14% completely ceasing alcohol consumption. Once pregnant, women who binged only prior to pregnancy were more likely to continue (55%) rather than reduce drinking (29%). Of the combined drinking group 61% continued to binge and 47% continued weekly drinking. Compared with the combined drinking group, binge only drinkers prior to pregnancy were less likely to reduce rather than continue their drinking once pregnant (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.47).\nConclusions: Over a third of women continued risky drinking into pregnancy, especially binge drinking, suggesting a need to address alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy.","DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0086171","ISSN":"1932-6203","shortTitle":"Risky Drinking Patterns Are Being Continued into Pregnancy","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Anderson","given":"Amy E."},{"family":"Hure","given":"Alexis J."},{"family":"Forder","given":"Peta M."},{"family":"Powers","given":"Jennifer"},{"family":"Kay-Lambkin","given":"Frances J."},{"family":"Loxton","given":"Deborah J."}],"editor":[{"family":"Baradaran","given":"Hamid Reza"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2014",1,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anderson et al.). Several women continued these practices in their pregnancy while 40% advanced to reduce them and only 14% thoroughly ceased alcohol consumption. Besides, binge only consumers exhibited indicators of continuing the drinking practices into pregnancy in comparison to the other groups. It was revealed after an extensive cohort study that in excess of a third of women continue to drink into pregnancy with binge drinking dominating the numbers which highlight the need for preventing alcohol consumption before pregnancy.

The effect of different alcohol drinking patterns in early to mid pregnancy on the child’s intelligence, attention, and executive function

The study manifests a combined assessment of the postulated impacts of maternal average alcohol intake and binge drinking on weekly from primary to mid-pregnancy on attention, overall intelligence and exclusive function in five-year-old offspring. The settings of the study comprised neuropsychological testing during 2003-08 in four Danish cities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"TUpcyIUn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kesmodel et al.)","plainCitation":"(Kesmodel et al.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":313,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/h6KbaPMu/items/RBMVU8CZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/h6KbaPMu/items/RBMVU8CZ"],"itemData":{"id":313,"type":"article-journal","title":"The effect of different alcohol drinking patterns in early to mid pregnancy on the child’s intelligence, attention, and executive function: The effects of early prenatal alcohol consumption","container-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology","page":"1180-1190","volume":"119","issue":"10","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","abstract":"Conclusions The present study contributes comprehensive methodological and statistical approaches that should be incorporated in future studies of low to moderate alcohol consumption and binge drinking during pregnancy. Furthermore, as no safe level of drinking during pregnancy has been established, the most conservative advice for women is not to drink alcohol during pregnancy. However, the present study suggests that small volumes consumed occasionally may not present serious concern.","DOI":"10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03393.x","ISSN":"14700328","shortTitle":"The effect of different alcohol drinking patterns in early to mid pregnancy on the child’s intelligence, attention, and executive function","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kesmodel","given":"Us"},{"family":"Bertrand","given":"J"},{"family":"Støvring","given":"H"},{"family":"Skarpness","given":"B"},{"family":"Denny","given":"Ch"},{"family":"Mortensen","given":"El"},{"literal":"the Lifestyle During Pregnancy Study Group"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",9]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kesmodel et al.). The subjects were sampled on the basis of maternal alcohol consumption in the phase of early pregnancy. Children were tested for the deliberated variables and the consequences were assessed in a model to attain a combined estimate and standards for the affiliation of alcohol on the aftermaths. The results revealed there existed no statistically important impacts of binge drinking or weekly alcohol consumption, either in combination or individually. These findings imitate the results from the separate assessment of every outcome variable and a safe level for consumption was not established during the scientific study. These findings potentially contribute statistical and methodological techniques which ought to be included in the future research of drinking and low to temperate consumption of alcohol. However, the current study postulates small volumes of alcohol consumption may not manifest grave concerns.

Work Cited

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, Amy E., et al. “Risky Drinking Patterns Are Being Continued into Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study.” PLoS ONE, edited by Hamid Reza Baradaran, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan. 2014, p. e86171. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086171.

Kesmodel, Us, et al. “The Effect of Different Alcohol Drinking Patterns in Early to Mid Pregnancy on the Child’s Intelligence, Attention, and Executive Function: The Effects of Early Prenatal Alcohol Consumption.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 119, no. 10, Sept. 2012, pp. 1180–90. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03393.x.

Society: Don’t Blame the Mothers : Nature News & Comment. https://www.nature.com/news/society-don-t-blame-the-mothers-1.15693. Accessed 10 Apr. 2019.