Corrections have made in every society from decades and it continued to advance and changed in America. These corrections reflect the changes in the ideas and values of the society from centuries. There are various ways of corrections exist in the criminal judicial system. These corrections are linked not only with the prisons and jails systems but also related to community-based programs. These programs include; parole, treatment facilities for prisons, probation and halfway houses ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HGTqN4qT","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Travis, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Travis, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":499,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/E9FE2ZHU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/E9FE2ZHU"],"itemData":{"id":499,"type":"article-journal","title":"National Institute of Justice","page":"12","source":"Zotero","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Travis","given":"Jeremy"}]}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Travis, n.d.). Correction evaluation is important because offenders often left their families behind and spend years in the jails. When they get free from jail it becomes difficult for them to decide from where to start. For the reason, organizations help them out to start a productive and healthy life.
Community Correction Trend:
The main role of the community-based corrections is to provide resources of sentence administration. However, this trend should also be focused on the various aspects of an inmate. Community corrections are the most significant correction not only for the justice system but also for the expansion of restorative approaches and community justice development. The main factors which make community corrections important include; reducing re-offending, programs to handle offenders, policies to make effective use of resources and sanctions, and strategies to promote innovative programs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Jl32sfqo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ricciardelli & Sit, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Ricciardelli & Sit, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":492,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/X3UZ3Z4A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/X3UZ3Z4A"],"itemData":{"id":492,"type":"article-journal","title":"Producing Social (Dis)Order in Prison: The Effects of Administrative Controls on Prisoner-on-Prisoner Violence","container-title":"The Prison Journal","page":"210-231","volume":"96","issue":"2","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Institutional security level is one of the most consistent predictors of aggregate-levels of violence in prisons. Informed by administrative control theory, this study explores the impact of two types of social order administrative controls on prisoner-on-prisoner violence. Grounded theory was used to analyze in-depth semi-structured interviews with former Canadian male prisoners. From the participants’ perspectives, the reliance on formal, coercive mechanisms in higher security prisons decreased feelings of safety and led to increased violence, while the informal, remunerative mechanisms used in lower security prisons deterred aggression and encouraged desirable behaviors. Implications for prison management and administrative decisions are discussed.","DOI":"10.1177/0032885515618362","ISSN":"0032-8855","title-short":"Producing Social (Dis)Order in Prison","journalAbbreviation":"The Prison Journal","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Ricciardelli","given":"Rosemary"},{"family":"Sit","given":"Victoria"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",3,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ricciardelli & Sit, 2016).
Other Trends:
There is a number of trends that are based on the history, gender or age of the offenders. For instance, there is the number of offenders who have family and children behind while many youngsters sentenced to prison or probation. The corrections are necessary for probation, parole, juvenile, and prison as it highlights inmate re-entry problems and solutions, offenders' risks and needs, rehabilitation, and various supervision programs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WmYo22Je","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Rafter, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Rafter, 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":493,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/B38SVE8C"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/B38SVE8C"],"itemData":{"id":493,"type":"book","title":"Partial Justice : Women, Prisons and Social Control","publisher":"Routledge","source":"www.taylorfrancis.com","abstract":"Contemporary Research on crime, prisons, and social control has largely ignored women. Partial Justice, the only full-scale study of the origins and development","URL":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315126036","ISBN":"978-1-315-12603-6","note":"DOI: 10.4324/9781315126036","title-short":"Partial Justice","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Rafter","given":"Nicole"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017",7,5]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rafter, 2017). Administrations and correctional organizations have the task to ensure these trends. Officials of administration are charged with staffing the prison. It is their duty to ensure equality and justice within the jails. Officials make it possible that no inmates break the law. Courts are also considered as the very first administration because their inmates are handed down the charges or punishments. Correctional organization train the employees of the jails so that everything in the judicial system ran smoothly. The role of the organization is crucial in this aspect because if the employees are not properly trained there will be the risk of mismanagement and injustice in the jail system.
Security, technology, management and control functions:
In correctional environments, security varies on the kind of correctional facility. High security is provided to the jails by high and thick walls with high fences. Maximum security facilities also include secure cells and the gun tower with trained and armed guards present 24/7 to look around the building. Inmates are mostly placed at the central area of the building within the maximum-security prisons. The reason to place inmates in the centre is to increase the space between the outer perimeter and the prison cells. It helps whenever prison tries to escape from the cell, security get enough time to stop him within the prison walls. Then there are the medium security facilities that give more freedom to the inmates as compared to the maximum-security facilities. Extra measures are taken in these mediums to ensure the security if the inmates and safety of the correction staffs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"d9CipxO8","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Casey, Day, & Reynolds, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Casey, Day, & Reynolds, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":494,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/WYVWCHGM"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/WYVWCHGM"],"itemData":{"id":494,"type":"article-journal","title":"The Influence of Incarceration Length and Protection Status on Perceptions of Prison Social Climate","container-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior","page":"285-296","volume":"43","issue":"2","source":"SAGE Journals","abstract":"Using a 2 (incarceration length) × 2 (custody type) between-groups design, the present study assessed whether inmates’ perceptions of the prison social climate were influenced by their security classification and length of time they had been incarcerated. Analyses of data collected from 76 male prisoners who completed a 15-item measure of prison social climate revealed an interaction effect between length of incarceration and protective prisoner status. Those housed in protective custody who had been incarcerated for longer than 6 months rated the social climate significantly more positively than both protective custody prisoners incarcerated for less than 6 months and those not in protective custody. This interaction was strongest on those social climate dimensions relating to therapeutic hold and social cohesion. A univariate effect was also observed whereby protective custody prisoners, irrespective of incarceration length, reported that they experienced the environment as less safe than their mainstream (non-protective custody) counterparts.","DOI":"10.1177/0093854815603747","ISSN":"0093-8548","journalAbbreviation":"Criminal Justice and Behavior","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Casey","given":"Sharon"},{"family":"Day","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Reynolds","given":"Jane"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Casey, Day, & Reynolds, 2016). These extra measures include; use of barbed wire with chain link fence on top, and headcounts number of time every day to prevent inmates for trying to escape. While making the headcount it is necessary for every inmate to stop from any work and avoid activity until the count gets completed. Minimum security facilities acquire less security than the maximum security facilities and allow inmates to move around within the wall while maximum security facilities are different from this. In addition, there is no such security wound the perimeter, low fences, and least guards are used to provide the security to the inmates. Therefore, the chain linked to the top act as the main security tool to prevent escaping of the inmates.
Technology is used to maintain security. A number of technological tools are used by organizations like television surveillance, pneumatic locking system, metal detectors, radio communicators and electronic locking system. Every technological tool has its own importance to develop high security. For instance, metal detectors ensure that no inmate has a tool which can be used in escaping or to harm others. In case of emergency, radio communicators are significant to handle the situation. Pneumatic and electronic locking system makes almost impossible for the inmates to unlock the door to escape. Besides these, television surveillance provides the facility to correction staff to check on inmates without moving to their cell.
Not all inmates are alike or come from the same background. Some inmates stay peacefully while some show violence whenever gets the chance. Therefore, management works according to the correctional facility. Some inmates require more check and balance; hence management enhance their security and correction facilities. Same occurs in control function where correctional facilities ensure the control over each and every prison, their activities, and psychological states ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QnCCtHn7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"({\\i{}AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf}, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":497,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/MW9I5LB5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/MW9I5LB5"],"itemData":{"id":497,"type":"article","title":"AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf","URL":"https://www.appa-net.org/eweb/Resources/National_Branding/AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf, n.d.). The inmates who show violent behaviour within the jail, control function ensure that no one gets harm from that inmate. In addition, management provides him facilities like a psychiatrist or limited their freedom to discourage his harsh behaviour or strategies for escaping.
References
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.appa-net.org/eweb/Resources/National_Branding/AFORCE_TurnKeyKit.pdf
Casey, S., Day, A., & Reynolds, J. (2016). The Influence of Incarceration Length and Protection Status on Perceptions of Prison Social Climate. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(2), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815603747
Rafter, N. (2017). Partial Justice : Women, Prisons and Social Control. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315126036
Ricciardelli, R., & Sit, V. (2016). Producing Social (Dis)Order in Prison: The Effects of Administrative Controls on Prisoner-on-Prisoner Violence. The Prison Journal, 96(2), 210–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885515618362
Travis, J. (n.d.). National Institute of Justice. 12.
