Chapter 4

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Answer 1

In the era of renaissance, the nations were formed in the Europe. Each country was trying to expand its boundaries. This desire gave rise to the transatlantic slave exchange. Initially the coast of Africa was attacked by the Portuguese. The Portuguese spent seven years to gain complete control of trade in the region. These nations wanted to disturb many other nations and to break the existing routes of trade. Under the leadership of the young prince Henry, the Portuguese took control of various cities in Africa. Some new cities were also discovered by the Portuguese explorers. The trade so far was restricted to gold. There were two groups of people working there, one was completely backed by the Portuguese government and the other one was playing the role of facilitator. The marriages of these facilitators with the local women gave rise to a new breed of people, the afro Portuguese. This whole settlement of the Portuguese people ended in the exit of the local Africans as salves to the US here referred to as the new world. Consequently all aspects of the society were affected by the slavery. The society saw an increase in militancy and a downfall at the economic front.

Answer 2

The slavery in Africa was a consequence of wars among tribes. The remaining people of the losing tribe were made slaves by the winners. The Africans were also found trading the other Africans. However in the new world, the slavery resulted out of the racial difference among the white and the colored. The American slaves were under complete control of their masters whereas at least within the premises of the tribe, the African slaves had some ease of movement. The length of slavery was also different among the two variants. The Americans were supposed to be slaved for life while the Africans were not.

The Americans preferred the ladies and children as slaves. The men were made to work in the agricultural fields. The overall building of the infrastructure in the new world is a result of hard work of the slaves. The overall system in the new world was based on this slave trade. The huge masses of land were brought to use by the slaves taken from the African countries.

The people who were exported as slaves to Asia were better treated. This is because the racism was not easily applicable here. Thus the human trade and slavery could not develop with Asia.

Answer 3

The middle passage basically refers to the voyage of the slaves from Africa to the West Indies. These people were mostly brought forcefully to the dock to be carried on the ships. These people were transported through ships for a voyage of three to four months. The journey started at the western coast of Africa to West Indies. These slaves were accompanied by the masters or crew mostly from France. These ships had many risks involved once they left the coast. Sometimes they were attacked by the sea looters, some others were attacked by some fatal diseases while some were prone to extreme weather conditions. These slaves were both physically and sexually assaulted. The men were tied to ropes or were chained with the deck of the ship with low shelves lying just above their heads. There are certain stories available on the part of the p[eople who survived this middle passage.