Assessment

Assessment

Trenesia Hurkes

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

Assessment

Response 1

There is no denial of the fact that sexual assault is the worst experience one might face in life. Such traumatic experiences change the course of one’s life, and there had been various cases that some individuals have even committed suicide, owing to the unbearable loss to themselves. Despite the worst experiences attached to such incidents, people who experience these crimes avoid reporting these incidents to the Law enforcement authorities. Curran believes that the prime reason which makes the victim more introvert is the inability to discuss sex-related incidents ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IUq1PmjL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gong, Kamboj, and Curran 2019)","plainCitation":"(Gong, Kamboj, and Curran 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":387,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/RKN8TAYI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/RKN8TAYI"],"itemData":{"id":387,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"92","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual assault with pre-assault substance consumption: a systematic review","title-short":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual assault with pre-assault substance consumption","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Gong","given":"An Tong"},{"family":"Kamboj","given":"Sunjeev K."},{"family":"Curran","given":"Helen Valerie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gong, Kamboj, and Curran 2019). Since the victim had experienced the worst manifestation of this phenomena, therefore, they avoid discussing their sex-related worst experience with anyone including the law enforcement ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9fPWuUbb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gong, Kamboj, and Curran 2019)","plainCitation":"(Gong, Kamboj, and Curran 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":387,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/RKN8TAYI"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/RKN8TAYI"],"itemData":{"id":387,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry","page":"92","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual assault with pre-assault substance consumption: a systematic review","title-short":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual assault with pre-assault substance consumption","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Gong","given":"An Tong"},{"family":"Kamboj","given":"Sunjeev K."},{"family":"Curran","given":"Helen Valerie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gong, Kamboj, and Curran 2019). The author also believes that the experience of sexual assault is so traumatizing that the victim loses sense (to a limited aspect) of trust over anybody, therefore trusting law enforcement remains unquestionable. However, Stokoe (et. al) has taken a rather different approach. They believe that law enforcement procedures related to sexual assault are equal to humiliating and mortifying ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"urHSV6kW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Stokoe et al. 2018)","plainCitation":"(Stokoe et al. 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":388,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/VTVZMH3X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/VTVZMH3X"],"itemData":{"id":388,"type":"chapter","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","source":"Google Scholar","title":"When police interview victims of sexual assault: Comparing written guidance to interactional practice","title-short":"When police interview victims of sexual assault","author":[{"family":"Stokoe","given":"Elizabeth"},{"family":"Antaki","given":"Charles"},{"family":"Richardson","given":"Emma"},{"family":"Willott","given":"Sara"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Stokoe et al. 2018). The absence of seclusion in the crime related to sexual assault adds to the disgrace of the victim. The worst of the reasons why the victim does not report sexual assault is the threat of killing.

Response 2

The number of prisoners in many US jails is more than the stipulated prisoners. Such a mass quantity of prisoners erupted for the reason that US policymakers and laws concerning prison sentencing lack substance to work out a reasonable situation ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"k2S2Kkwn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Nellis 2017)","plainCitation":"(Nellis 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":392,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/WV7MXBTF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/WV7MXBTF"],"itemData":{"id":392,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Still life: America’s increasing use of life and long-term sentences","title-short":"Still life","author":[{"family":"Nellis","given":"Ashley"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Nellis 2017). From time to time there have been other factors as well, which have worked to contribute to such severity. For example, an increase in the rate of crimes, decisions of the Police Officials and other law-related authorities, and a war on drugs. The relationship between the three-strike laws, disparate sentencing and U.S. drug policies strengthens with the absence of regimes concerning lowering the crime rates. The disparate sentencing adds to the number of people who have been jailed already. This relation gets fortified when the three-strike law becomes a reason for adding into the number of prison sentencing. Those who get affected by the three-strike laws are ones who are already convicted under the charges of felony. Some of them also include those who had been convicted of two or more crimes of different nature ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"K38MdERg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Wagner and Rabuy 2017)","plainCitation":"(Wagner and Rabuy 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":393,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/FI84B2WF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/FI84B2WF"],"itemData":{"id":393,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Prison policy initiative","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2017","title-short":"Mass incarceration","volume":"14","author":[{"family":"Wagner","given":"Peter"},{"family":"Rabuy","given":"Bernadette"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Wagner and Rabuy 2017). The three-strike law also increases the probability for offenders to get a life sentence, thereby adding the worst aspects to the jail concept. The relation between three-strike laws, disparate sentencing and U.S drug policies are adding to those worst aspects of the US jail and criminal law related mechanisms.

Response 3

The impact of Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) on sex offender policies is impactful. People who are convicted of sex related offences are required to undergo a psychiatric checkup along with a civil commitment. This commitment allows the authorities to monitor the activities of a sex offender. In Kansas v. Hendricks (1997), the convicted kept on molesting the children, despite spending a considerable time behind bars ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LYjBGWUG","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Custer 2019)","plainCitation":"(Custer 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":395,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/9JGTUGA5"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/9JGTUGA5"],"itemData":{"id":395,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","issue":"6","page":"906–924","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Variations in State Sex Offender Statutes: Implications for US Higher Education","title-short":"Variations in State Sex Offender Statutes","volume":"30","author":[{"family":"Custer","given":"Bradley D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Custer 2019). Though, the convicted agreed to the treatment, he challenged the violent predator act in the Supreme Court. Since the proposed law enacted into the act a few days before his release, which left no choice, other than to sign the commitment. Since after the Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) case, each state has developed the sex offender related registries, therefore, its impact had been considerable over the policies of countering sex related crimes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oLSVgair","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lave 2019)","plainCitation":"(Lave 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":398,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/JD664IDN"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/8reWiRZH/items/JD664IDN"],"itemData":{"id":398,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime","page":"1–5","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sexual Predator Laws","author":[{"family":"Lave","given":"Tamara Rice"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lave 2019). In view of the changes brought forward from Kansas v. Hendricks (1997), along with the expansion of sex offense registries, it becomes evident that sex related crimes have become more regulated. This impact is not limited to preventing children and women from being a victim of sexual assault, rather it has narrowed down the sex offenders’ intentions.

References:

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Custer, Bradley D. 2019. “Variations in State Sex Offender Statutes: Implications for US Higher Education.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 30(6): 906–924.

Gong, An Tong, Sunjeev K. Kamboj, and Helen Valerie Curran. 2019. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault with Pre-Assault Substance Consumption: A Systematic Review.” Frontiers in psychiatry 10: 92.

Lave, Tamara Rice. 2019. “Sexual Predator Laws.” The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime: 1–5.

Nellis, Ashley. 2017. “Still Life: America’s Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences.” Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.

Stokoe, Elizabeth, Charles Antaki, Emma Richardson, and Sara Willott. 2018. “When Police Interview Victims of Sexual Assault: Comparing Written Guidance to Interactional Practice.” In University of Chicago Press.

Wagner, Peter, and Bernadette Rabuy. 2017. “Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2017.” Prison policy initiative 14.