Unemployment

Unemployment

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Unemployment and Economic Policies of the United States

Introduction

Unemployment has become one of the major concerns in the global economy. A number of unemployed individuals in a country can disturb the economy of the country. At the same time, it is the responsibility of a government to address the alarming economic issues like unemployment. The macroeconomic policies of a country are meant to achieve the finest and sustainable development for its country. However, researchers have identified the connection between weak economic growth and unemployment. Likewise, a flourishing economy is used as a tool to overcome unemployment and poverty in the country. However, the unemployment rate of the country does not remain constant. It varies with the change in the economic growth.

Moreover, the unemployment rate of the US also no-uniform values throughout the history. In the 21st century, during the economic crisis in 2007-2009 unemployment rate of the US showed substantial variation. It jumped to 9.6%, from 5.8% in just two years (Sahin, Song & Hobijn, 2010). Thus, it was a challenging the task for the government to recover its labor market and low unemployment rate. With the help of some progressive economic policies, the US government was able to achieve the results in few years and recovered the economic growth. In order to better understand the concept of unemployment in terms of macroeconomics, this term paper aims to study the dynamics of unemployment and relevant economic policies in the United States. At the same time, the paper also studies the various economic factors that cause unemployment by highlighting the consequences of this social and economic problem of the country.

Discussion

Most of the economic activities of a country at the national level are addressed under macroeconomics. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is another useful tool that is used to measure the collective economic activities of a country (Mügge, 2016). Also, it gives the overall market value of the goods and services produced within a country. The higher a GDP rate is, better will be the economy of a country. Addressing unemployment can overcome the multiple problems that are directly linked to it. For the United States, the last few years of the first decade of the 21st century were very challenging in terms of economic growth. The Great Recession 2007-2009 brought some serious concerns for the country, including an increased unemployment rate that reached to two-digit figure. As a result, millions of people lost their jobs in the United States that resulted in increasing poverty and economic inequality in the country. Upon researches, different health issues were identified as outcomes of unemployment such as depression, stress, and social isolation. Moreover, unemployment also increased the social issues related to marriage life, education, healthcare and child nourishment during this period (Kalleberg & Von Wachter, 2017). However, the reasons for higher unemployment rates can be multiple. Most of the times, it is related to the lack of skills and capabilities of individuals that do not fulfil the market demand. Equally, a downturn in the economic growth of a country can also influence the unemployment rate.

Therefore, it was the time for the government to intervene and resolve the rising issues with the help of some effective policy measures. As it was demanding an immediate recovery, the Obama administration had to introduce some strong economic policies. However, the identified factors of the Great Recession were also based on weak economic conditions in the country. It was also noticed that the labor market was also consistently facing slow growth. It is evident that financial and monetary policies play a vital role in recovering economic growth and reducing the unemployment rates for a country. Using two of the tools US brought some measure changes in the economy.

Monetary and Fiscal policies are considered as a useful set of policies that help in recovering from the economic recession (Tenreyro & Thwaites, 2016). Monetary policies are referred to the procedures that are designed by the Central Bank of a country. Likewise, in the US Federal Reserve is responsible for designing the monetary related policies. Federal Reserve takes an action like decreasing the interest and unemployment rates during the recession period. Also, these steps help in recovering after the recession. On the other side, fiscal Policy is decided by the government. The US government used different strategies like tax cut downs and reducing government spending.

After the recession, these policy tools assisted in increasing the demand, so that the output can be raised and the economy would return to the previous conditions. In case of recession, a country needs tools that are effective and instant in overcoming the economic problem. During the recession in the United States, there were some existing programs under the fiscal policy that helped the country in stabilizing the economy without any intervention from Congress. Programs like unemployment insurance (UI), Medicaid and other programs helped in stabilizing the fluctuations in the economy along with tax revenues (Moffit, 2013). When the recession hit the country, these programs intervene by reducing the eligibility for unemployed participants in the United States. Moreover, taxes were reduced giving a room for the fiscal policy to play its role.

In addition, monetary policymakers also play a quick role in addressing the Great Recession. When Federal Reserve noticed the fluctuations of GDP and employment onset of the recession, it constricted the federal fund rates in the country. The reason for this action was to reduce the borrowing costs for the general public and businessmen, in order to encourage investment or consumption. The existing federal funds were much lower and decreasing further good reversing results. However, fiscal policy played as a fighting tool against the recession.

Moreover, Fiscal policies took long to bring any action because of the delay in noticing the indications of recession. The legislative members involve in debates while passing the legislation and distribute the funds to states. In 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was introduced as a tool under the fiscal policy and it was supposed to invest in health, education, and infrastructure of affected people throughout the country (Moffit, 2013).

Furthermore, programs like Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) addressed poverty and assisted the newly unemployed to deal with financial issues. Although all of the newly unemployed were not addressed, the program succeeded in achieving its goal. These programs played the main role in relieving deep poverty. The continuous intervention by the federal and state governments, finally able to reduce the unemployment rate for the United States. Currently, only 3.8% of people in the United States are without jobs. The economic growth in the country has been able to add new job opportunities for individuals. Now, the labor market has been strengthened for the country. The consequences of unemployment are also get controlled.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the higher unemployment rate in a country is a serious matter under the macroeconomics. The higher is the number of unemployed individuals in a country, the more it faces economic issues. Therefore, it becomes the responsibility of the government to address the issue. Using two of its strong policy tools; monetary policy and fiscal policy, a country overcomes the economic downturn. Likewise, this paper term has addressed the events of the great recession in the US. At the same time, the paper is also able to highlight the factors and outcomes of unemployment in a country. Taking the example of the United States, it also informs about the role of monetary and fiscal policy in overcoming the economic recession or a downfall.

References

Kalleberg, A. L., & Von Wachter, T. M. (2017). The US labor market during and after the Great Recession: Continuities and transformations. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 3(3), 1-19.

Moffitt, R. A. (2013). The Great Recession and the social safety net. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 650(1), 143-166.

Mügge, D. (2016). Studying macroeconomic indicators as powerful ideas. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(3), 410-427.

Sahin, A., Song, J., & Hobijn, B. (2010). The unemployment gender gap during the 2007 recession. Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 16(2).

Tenreyro, S., & Thwaites, G. (2016). Pushing on a string: US monetary policy is less powerful in recessions. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 8(4), 43-74.

Unemployment

Unemployment

[Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees]

[Institutional Affiliation(s)]

Author Note

[Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.]

In the State of Florida, the government administrates the affairs of the unemployed population of the State by the Reemployment Assistance Program. In the United States, eligibility rules, benefit amounts and prior earning requirements and aspects vary from state to state. The department of Economic Opportunity is responsible for managing records and information related to unemployment cases and allocate a specific temporary and partial wage for qualified workers who are unemployed due to certain reasons. According to the policies of the Reemployment Assistance Program, there are certain criteria and requirements for a person to be considered eligible for unemployment benefits. The three requirements of eligibility are as follows:

A certain minimum threshold must be achieved by your past earnings.

According to the law of Florida, one must be unemployed by virtue of his or her own fault.

One must be available, able and must be looking for work/job actively.

We consider the examples of some individuals who are unemployed and are volunteering for the unemployment benefits and will assess whether they qualify for this favor or not. Marcelle is the first example who used to work in an automobile manufacturing firm. She lost her job because the market contracted so much and they had to expel a lot of employees. She is actively searching for a job for two months and is unsuccessful in getting one until now. According to the criteria of eligibility for unemployment benefits, it was not her fault at all and also, she is actively searching for a job. Hence, Marcelle must be considered eligible for the benefits.

Dominic is a hairdresser and used to work in Cincinnati, but then decided to leave the job because he wanted to move to New York City. There is no reason for leaving the job provided and also the purpose of moving to New York City is not mentioned anywhere. It is obvious from the information provided, related to Dominic, that he left the job on his own without any proper reason. In his case of unemployment, he himself is responsible for this situation and hence, cannot be considered eligible for the unemployment benefits.

Francine’s case is the third case study that we have to examine in order to determine her eligibility for the unemployment benefits. She had been working at a ski resort and I not working anywhere due to the beginning of the summer season. She cannot work in a ski resort anymore as it remains closed throughout the summer season. Also, she is not interested in any other job during this period. The criteria for qualifying unemployment services include the condition that a person is actively looking for a job. As she is not continuously looking for a job, she does not qualify for the respective benefits.

Beauvoir’s example is the last one to consider while comparing her case with the rules of unemployment benefits in the Florida state, to determine whether she qualifies for the benefits or not. She was working in an office as a secretary, as a typist and was fulfilling her responsibilities. Later, the office administration decided that they are upgrading the office by incorporating the use of computers. As she has acquired no qualifications or skills related to the use of computers in dealing with office work, she was expelled from the job. The office administration wanted to hire someone who is skilled at using computers. According to the criteria settled by the state of Florida, a person should be ‘able’ for a job and it is clearly obvious from her experience that she is able to do typing and office administrative tasks. In my opinion, she must be regarded as eligible for unemployment benefits from the state.

Unemployment In New Zealand Economy

Unemployment in New Zealand Economy

Student’s Name

Institution

Why there is unemployment in developed economies

According to Pigou, (2013), unemployment refers to a state where there are able people who are willing to work but are not involved in any kind of work. These people cannot find work to meet the ends. This means that they are unable to get employment at the current wage levels. Therefore, the causes or types of unemployment can explain why unemployment exists in developed economies. In terms of work provision, there is no stability especially when the economy does not favour growth, expansion or new entrants into the market (Todaro, 1969).

Recession causes unemployment in developing countries. The recession in the economy leads to cyclical unemployment whereby the provision of work depends on predictable factors (Todaro, 1969). Recession means that the business is operating at its minimum. At this point, the economy does not favour the operations leading to companies deciding on recovery measures. This means that some of the employees get retrenched and remain jobless. The rate of unemployment during this period is high. However, after recession, the levels of employment may go back to normal or increase further. Therefore, the existence of unemployment is a vast narrative derived from the employee. People in the developed countries rely on white-collar jobs, a situation that is not permanent. These make them not to think outside the box and be creative. Government laws and other policies constitutes to high levels of unemployment, as individuals cannot stand the cost of doing business. Increased tax rates and duties restrict some people from starting or operating business. This means that there is no creation of employment (Pigou 2013).

How to measure unemployment

The rational choice theory provides the best way in which unemployment can be measured in a country. The theory provides that an individual makes a choice that will help in maximizing personal happiness. Therefore, the choice of employment depends on an individual. However, in relation to measurement, the rate of unemployment is measured using the available statistics. However, it requires an estimate of the labour force available in a country at any given time. The labour force includes those people that are able to work but still seeking employment and those that are already employed. Therefore, the percentage of those people unemployed in a country will be a factor of the labour force. That is, unemployed plus employed persons equal the combined labour force. Hence, the percentage of unemployed is equivalent to the number of unemployed people divided by the labour force in New Zealand.

The difficulty arises when trying to estimate the labour force because it is difficult to know exactly the number of people working or not working due to the presence of formal or informal setups. For the formal setup, it is easier to obtain the numbers from the revenue collector or government’s statistics body. This may lead to an error arising thereby relying on the estimates. Hence, the computation is as follows; Unemployment rate divided by the labour force times 100%.

Causes of Unemployment in the New Zealand Economy

There are different causes that lead to unemployment. First, when the economy experiences a recession, there is likelihood of unemployment. The recession means that the market is not favouring the employers and they opt to lay off some of the employees. However, this issue is cyclical in nature as at the time for boom, the rate of unemployment decreases as companies absorb most of the unemployed individuals (Snower, 1995).

Secondly, unfavourable fiscal policies contribute to unemployment. The government imposes high levels of income taxes to companies making it unfavourable for them to operate and maintain the competitive environment. The government reduces spending hence does not chip in to support businesses maintain their financial muscles in the economy (Snower, 1995).

Poor monetary policies contribute to high levels of unemployment. Increase in interest rates and exchange rates leads to increase in borrowing costs (Snower, 1995). This discourages borrowers and investors hence reducing their investments. Reduced investments mean that there is a reduction in employment leading to increased rates of unemployment.

Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment

According to Mankiw, the Philips curve theory shows that there is an inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment. This means that as inflation increases, the rate of unemployment decreases. Philips curve contributed a lot in the economics of unemployment. Between 1861 and 1960, the curve predicts inflation rates alongside the rates of unemployment. The relationship between the two variables is not a linear one hence takes an L shape. Over those years, the predictions by the curve seemed stable. However, after 1960s the predictions became unstable (Mankiw, 2001).

Philips Curve

1051560-11176000914400-30226000

13182609334500975360108585Inflation rate 6 B

(Percentage)

1790700125095009144001250950 2 A

8610601968500 3 5

Unemployment rate (percentage)

From the curve above, it is evident that inflation is inversely related to unemployment. As the rate of unemployment increases from 0 to 3, the unemployment rate decreases from 6 to 2. In addition, as the unemployment rate increases to 5, the inflation rate decreases to 2. The theory in this case seems to be stable for the years up to 1960s. However, after 1960, Philips curve cannot be used for prediction purposes as it gives contradicting results because it is not stable (Mankiw, 2001). In New Zealand, a similar case tends to appear concerning inflation and unemployment. The rates on inflation are high when the rate of unemployment is low. The New Zealanders believe there exist a trade-off between inflation and unemployment. This is a past notion, which is no longer applicable in the recent periods. Despite the economic models, predict an inverse relationship, the inflation rates persist on the downside as the unemployment rates are falling.

Policies the Government of New Zealand can use to reduce Unemployment

The government of New Zealand can use the fiscal policy to reduce unemployment. This includes government spending and taxation policies, which will have an impact on the aggregate demand. Therefore, there is need to use expansionary fiscal policy where the government will need to reduce or lower the tax rates as they increase the government expenditure. In other words, the government needs to reduce tax rates in favour of businesses and attract investors to establish companies and other new entrants. The reduction in taxes is a motivation to the investors, and it will play a major role in development.

On the other hand, government needs to increase spending especially on infrastructure and government investment so that it can create employment for the job seekers. With these actions, the disposable income will increase.

The government can also use expansionary monetary policy to management unemployment levels. This will in return increase the economic growth of the company and the welfare of the citizens of New Zealand. Internest rates, exchange rates and money supply are a multiple of the aggregate demand. They contribute to the changes in the AD in the New Zealand. When using the monetary policy, it is expected that the interest rates will reduce hence encouraging borrowing by the customers. This means that the general borrowing costs for their customers including companies and investors will reduce. The reduction in the borrowing costs will encourage investments and other new developments leading to creation of jobs. Moreover, the availability of jobs will reduce the unemployment rates in the country. Not only the levels of unemployment will reduce, also the level of output in the economy will increase.

For structural unemployment in New Zealand, it is necessary to consider education and training policies. This means that the unemployed will receive formal training and education to support them be independent and at a position to create own employment. This is an acceptable procedure for developed economies and also undeveloped economies.

The government of New Zealand should provide employment subsidies to seal the gap of unemployment. This means that employment providers such as companies should be given tax breaks or subsidies. This is a factor for take along the long-term unemployed. The breaks assist in confidence creation and creating a desire to absorb the jobless who are seeking employment. However, this policy may be an expensive one since some may practice injustice ways just to take advantage of the tax breaks.

New Zealand needs to improve labour markets flexibility. The high structural rates differentiate the employed from unemployed. These rates restrict the employers from employing many individuals due to the nature of the costs. The restrictive labour markets discourage the employers from having many staffs. Therefore, the country needs to consider these policies in their fight against unemployment.

The above policies base their origination on particular discussions. However, for the fiscal policies the Keynesian theory of income and employment defines how it is applicable to reduce the rates of unemployment. Keyne discusses the unemployment issue that arises as a result of recession (Jackman, Pissarides, and Savouri, 1990). He provides that during this period, there is a gap in employment as both capital and labour resources reduce drastically. From the argument, he says the government needs to intervene and help sort the problem of unemployment by creating additional demand for capital and labour. In addition, the state needs to encourage the employers by awarding tax reliefs, tax breaks and other incentives to absorb the unemployed.

References

Jackman, R., Pissarides, C., & Savouri, S. (1990). Labour market policies and unemployment in the OECD. Economic policy, 5(11), 449-490.

Mankiw, N. G. (2001). The inexorable and mysterious tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. The Economic Journal, 111(471), 45-61.

Pigou, A. C. (2013). Theory of unemployment. Routledge.

Snower, D. J. (1995). Evaluating unemployment policies: What do the underlying theories tell us?. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 11(1), 110-135.

Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American economic review, 59(1), 138-148.

Us Economics

Post 1

The US economy is one of the most varied national economies in the world and leads the world economy since last many decades. According to BY Kimberly Amadeo, in 2018, USA GDP rate was 3% and expected lower in 2019 as 2.1%. This forecast was provided by Open Market Committee meeting in March 2019. The reason of this decline is blamed due to the trade war of Trump’s economic policy. It was expected that during 2019, the unemployment rate will be 3.7 % and chances are to be slight increase in next years. It was 4.1% in December 2018 and rose 1% from 2017. (Amadeo, 2019).

References

Amadeo, K. (2019, May 15). What Will the Economy Do in 2019 and Beyond? Retrieved from

https://www.thebalance.com/us-economic-outlook-3305669

Post 2

I believe Morgan is right who insists that it’s better to adjust the economy through government spending because it is not just to increase taxes but also the spending of government that effects the economy.

There are three key assumptions in neoclassical macroeconomics: the principle of maximization of economic parties, rational expectations, and continuous market clearing. Christensen (2017) explained that the squeeze of neoclassical thoughts rest on the place attained by Keynesian economists in the state in the post-war eras (Christensen, 2017). For Keynes, the market economy is not strange equilibrium, offering full employment. The purpose for this is that people incline to save some money. This directs to inefficiency of cumulative demand: it is fewer than total supply. To control this inclination of individuals to save is impossible. Consequently, the government should control the economy, affecting aggregate demand. Keynes shares investment and consumer demand. The state, increasing the money supply, reduces the interest rate that stimulates the investment activity of entrepreneurs. The lack of consumer demand can be compensated by using public works financed from the budget through the issue of money.

References

Christensen, J. (2017). The Sway of Economists in Public Policy. Retrieved from

https://stanfordpress.typepad.com/blog/2017/04/the-sway-of-economists-in-public-policy.html

US GDP

US GDP

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

US GDP

Gross domestic product is the snapshot of any nation which indicates the speed of economic growth. The article indicates that GDP increased at an increasing rate due to the high consumers spending and government expenditure. The rate of GDP increase is recorded at 1.9% in the third quarter. However, it is a little slower than the second quarter due to the decrease in investment. The demand for skilled labor is increasing by the producers which resulted in low investment. The expected GDP was 1.6% which means economy showed growth more than expectations and it is the result of high consumer spending.

Import is subtracted from the GDP because GDP includes the value of final goods and services that are produced domestically. Imports are the goods that are produced in other nations therefore; its value cannot be calculated within the GDP. However, the impact of imports is major on the economic growth of the nation. As the article indicates that due to the increase in imports, the trade deficit has been observed. Another reason for the trade imbalance is the trade war between America and China. Therefore, there is the 54.9 billion dollars trade deficit has been recorded.

The article indicates that due to high consumer spending and government expenditure GDP is increasing. However, there is the worry that consumers may be "curbing" their spending. It is because investors are decreasing their investment in the US economy. There are two reasons for the decrease in investment that are demand for skilled labor and trade war between America and China. As labor is less efficient due to which the investor is losing interest in high investment and demanding skilled labor. Besides, the aggressive approach of the government in the trade is alarming for the investors. The decrease in investment will increase the worry and fear of the future in the consumers who will in return save their spending. The increase in saving and decrease in spending by the consumers can slow down the growth of GDP ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aMeWxXN4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Franck, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Franck, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":928,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/XRPTWW87"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/XRPTWW87"],"itemData":{"id":928,"type":"webpage","title":"US GDP rose a better-than-expected 1.9% in the third quarter as consumers continued to spend","container-title":"CNBC","abstract":"The growth in GDP was slightly slower than in the second quarter as business investment declined.","URL":"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/30/us-gdp-q3-2019-first-reading.html","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Franck","given":"Thomas"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,30]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",11,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Franck, 2019).

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Franck, T. (2019, October 30). US GDP rose a better-than-expected 1.9% in the third quarter as consumers continued to spend. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from CNBC website: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/30/us-gdp-q3-2019-first-reading.html

Violence And Its Effect On Economics Of Aboriginal People In Canada

Violence and Its Effects on Economies of Aboriginal People in Canada

Okonkwo Suzan

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Violence and its Effects on Economies of Aboriginal People in Canada

Introduction:

Canada is a country that is ranked higher in the human development index by the United Nations. The results are not synchronous to ground reality as the aboriginal communities constituting almost 3 to 4% of the total Canadian population ranks much lower. These lower ranks in the human development index are tied to the violence in aboriginal communities. Women in aboriginal families are subject to domestic and sexual violence. While analyzing the effects of family violence and abuse on the economic wellbeing of aboriginal people, historical development must be considered as well ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1kfn21mnjn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Samuel, Alkire, Zavaleta, Mills, & Hammock, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Samuel, Alkire, Zavaleta, Mills, & Hammock, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2175,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/28VB29UY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/28VB29UY"],"itemData":{"id":2175,"type":"article-journal","title":"Social isolation and its relationship to multidimensional poverty","container-title":"Oxford Development Studies","page":"83-97","volume":"46","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Samuel","given":"Kim"},{"family":"Alkire","given":"Sabina"},{"family":"Zavaleta","given":"Diego"},{"family":"Mills","given":"China"},{"family":"Hammock","given":"John"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Samuel, Alkire, Zavaleta, Mills, & Hammock, 2018). Historical events such as misappropriation of the land of aboriginal communities and their forcible removal from dense community areas have turned the situation into a trauma. There have been various acts introduced to improve the situation but the results are not satisfactory. The First Nation’s act notoriously caused the deterioration of family fabric and social fabric in aboriginal families giving rise to domestic violence.

In recent years, the violence present in the lives of aboriginal people has observed an increase in attention especially due to the work being done by the Native Women’s Association. Violence in the lives of aboriginal people is the most important issue affecting their economic and social welfare structure as per the Royal Commission of aboriginal people. Aboriginal communities living in urban centers all across the country are still experiencing an increased level of violence despite two decades of programs, initiatives, and advocacy. The reason behind inefficacy of all of such initiatives and programs can be explained by vast disparities that exist between aboriginal people and rest of the population in terms of health status, educational attainment, loss of culture, systematic racism, and unequal access to resources and power ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2kmiih5rdf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Greenwood, De Leeuw, & Lindsay, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Greenwood, De Leeuw, & Lindsay, 2018)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2177,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/BCWVFC8F"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/BCWVFC8F"],"itemData":{"id":2177,"type":"book","title":"Determinants of Indigenous Peoples' Health: Beyond the Social","publisher":"Canadian Scholars","ISBN":"1-77338-037-0","author":[{"family":"Greenwood","given":"Margo"},{"family":"De Leeuw","given":"Sarah"},{"family":"Lindsay","given":"Nicole Marie"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Greenwood, De Leeuw, & Lindsay, 2018). A closer look into the historical and contemporary diversity in economic activities of aboriginal people reveal that the situation has existed and still continue to exist in the context of colonization and economic marginalization. The essay describes the effects of violence on economic condition of aboriginal people in light of historical events that are necessary to understand to developing policy and programs appropriate for aboriginal communities in Canada.

Discussion:

Almost half of the aboriginal population in Canada is under the age of thirty-five years with women constituting 43% of the total aboriginal population. Review of literature specifically about aboriginal communities make varying claims of violence but there is a consensus of researchers that women are victimized by the violence more than their male counterparts in such communities. Statistics reveal that aboriginal people are more threated by violence in their communities as compared to the majority of non-aboriginal people as compared to spousal violence ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2gsfe25b9n","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Hart, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Hart, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2180,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/YAQQZFYU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/YAQQZFYU"],"itemData":{"id":2180,"type":"article-journal","title":"Culture and violence risk assessment: The case of Ewert v. Canada.","container-title":"Journal of Threat Assessment and Management","page":"76","volume":"3","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Hart","given":"Stephen D."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Hart, 2016). Hence, violence in aboriginal communities is not entirely domestic, there are other factors as well that contribute to the higher level of violence. In historical perspective, the aboriginal economies were organized around activities like fishing, gathering, and hunting. Such economic activities often depend on geographical factors and seasonal variation of major food sources. These economic activities and their influencing factors contributed to the organization of aboriginal communities across the country and their settlement duration. Increase in certain resources allowed intercommunity trade among aboriginal people ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a5i8b46fh3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Paradies, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Paradies, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2183,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/LCUZEVNQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/LCUZEVNQ"],"itemData":{"id":2183,"type":"article-journal","title":"Colonisation, racism and indigenous health","container-title":"Journal of Population Research","page":"83-96","volume":"33","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Paradies","given":"Yin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Paradies, 2016). Intercommunity trade helped in the resolution of disputes up to some extent but lateral developments caused an exponential increase in violence.

A little disruption in economic activities initiated during the initial presence of Europeans such as the formalization of fur trade impacted many aboriginal communities as compared to other differential activities. Initial conflicts aroused in communities when hunting territories and trapping pursuits shifted from subsistence to market requirements. Exposure to external markets also created a sense of race among local aboriginal communities and they started turning into violent groups instead of peaceful market forces ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a20vb5n03hq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kuokkanen, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Kuokkanen, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2186,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/GASPU5UB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/GASPU5UB"],"itemData":{"id":2186,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gendered Violence and Politics in Indigenous Communities: The Cases of Aboriginal People in Canada and the Sami in Scandinavia","container-title":"International Feminist Journal of Politics","page":"271-288","volume":"17","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Kuokkanen","given":"Rauna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kuokkanen, 2015). Contact with European markets and settlers dependence on formal economy soon turned into their claims on aboriginal land and resources. The situation worsens over time giving rise to domestic violence and extremism. Due to the advancements in settlers economy, the decline in fur trade many aboriginal communities found themselves vulnerable to severe economic crisis. They found themselves economically disrupted and their participation in labor markets was marginalized ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2btdrn2018","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Reading & Greenwood, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Reading & Greenwood, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2189,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/BW5G92B9"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/BW5G92B9"],"itemData":{"id":2189,"type":"book","title":"Structural determinants of aboriginal people's health","publisher":"Canadian Scholars’ Press Toronto, Ontario, Canada","author":[{"family":"Reading","given":"Charlotte"},{"family":"Greenwood","given":"M."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Reading & Greenwood, 2015). The impact of violence created due to the European settlement and disruption in economic activities of aboriginal people continues even today.

Economic contributions made by the aboriginal people in the overall economy are multifaceted. The factors particularly include the evolutionary heritage of communities and the number of individuals having access to the wage economy. The labor force of aboriginal people contribute significantly to the overall economy of the communities but the statistics collected only include paid labor ignoring the labor for which no payment is received. Statistics presented in official documents do not include the labor efforts for which no direct payment is received such as fishing and trade of hunting material for services between the community members ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a7i0c06r32","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(MacDonald & Steenbeek, 2015)","plainCitation":"(MacDonald & Steenbeek, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2192,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/6TBV3WHE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/6TBV3WHE"],"itemData":{"id":2192,"type":"article-journal","title":"The impact of colonization and western assimilation on health and wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal people","container-title":"International Journal of Regional and Local History","page":"32-46","volume":"10","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"MacDonald","given":"Cathy"},{"family":"Steenbeek","given":"Audrey"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (MacDonald & Steenbeek, 2015). The economy can also benefit from mixed practices such as a person may sell a portion of hunting meat in the market and keep the rest of its portion for local trade within the community. Domestic violence created and supported by such historical heritage is not only physiological and physical but also economical. It has been observed that many victims of domestic violence skip their work due to the threats of being harmed by their enemies. People working in offices and having access to the jobs market have fear of being stabbed or killed by their rivals in a community or local residential area ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"akb3i5lha0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Feir, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Feir, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2195,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/U964TDBY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/U964TDBY"],"itemData":{"id":2195,"type":"article-journal","title":"The long‐term effects of forcible assimilation policy: The case of Indian boarding schools","container-title":"Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique","page":"433-480","volume":"49","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Feir","given":"Donna L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Feir, 2016). An exemplary law has been approved in New Zealand to help victims of domestic violence to continue their jobs allowing them to avail paid leaves for ten days. The goal of providing the opportunity of such paid leaves is to help the victims to get legal assistance or moving houses and changing their contact details without having fear of losing their jobs.

Although such laws can help in the reduction of domestic violence and its impacts on economies of aboriginal people, the Philippines is the only other country that has introduced similar law for paid leaves for victims of domestic violence. The law was enforced in 20012 and a survey conducted in 2015 revealed that only 39% of people were aware of the law ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aljpf3lotu","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Anaya, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Anaya, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2198,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/PIU92M25"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/PIU92M25"],"itemData":{"id":2198,"type":"article-journal","title":"Report of the special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples in the situation of indigenous peoples in Canada","container-title":"Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L.","page":"143","volume":"32","author":[{"family":"Anaya","given":"S. James"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Anaya, 2015). Rest of the population was not even aware of the existence of any such law. Canadian government following the New Zealand and Philippine model has introduced domestic paid leaves in several provinces but the law is not enforced at the national level. In other words, aboriginal people in Canada are still not on track to achieve similar economic benefits of non-aboriginal Canadians. Majority of aboriginal people in Canada often in place of traditional activities, participate in the formal labor market. It is difficult to gain an insight into accurate statistics of aboriginal people participating in the formal labor market of Canada due to inconsistencies present in data collection ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"adeja9gvva","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lyons et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(Lyons et al., 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2201,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/VFSARFMU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/VFSARFMU"],"itemData":{"id":2201,"type":"article-journal","title":"Negotiating violence in the context of transphobia and criminalization: the experiences of trans sex workers in Vancouver, Canada","container-title":"Qualitative health research","page":"182-190","volume":"27","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Lyons","given":"Tara"},{"family":"Krüsi","given":"Andrea"},{"family":"Pierre","given":"Leslie"},{"family":"Kerr","given":"Thomas"},{"family":"Small","given":"Will"},{"family":"Shannon","given":"Kate"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lyons et al., 2017). Surveys conducted to measure the economic impact of various factors including violence in aboriginal communities and the Canadian population in general often exclude people living in territories and in reserves. This lack of information on the exact potential of almost 4% of the population further deteriorates the quantitative research analysis.

The employment rate of aboriginal people in Canada is much lower in comparison to the non-aboriginal population in general. The unemployment rate is increasing as well as the violence is increasing between the communities. A survey conducted in 1991 that looked at the labor activity of aboriginal people aged above 15 concluded that only 43% of aboriginal people working for some sort of monetary labor ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2it8ho9n09","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Ruddell & Thomas, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Ruddell & Thomas, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2204,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/JLKNSJRJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/JLKNSJRJ"],"itemData":{"id":2204,"type":"article-journal","title":"Determinants of police strength in Canadian cities: Assessing the impact of minority threat","container-title":"Canadian journal of criminology and criminal justice","page":"215-252","volume":"57","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Ruddell","given":"Rick"},{"family":"Thomas","given":"Matthew O."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Ruddell & Thomas, 2015). At the same time, the non-aboriginal population of Canada was having a share of 61% in the monetary labor market. Another survey conducted in 2006 concluded that the employment rate of the aboriginal population despite domestic violence has increased to 61% but that is still behind the non-aboriginal population having a total of 82% dominance in labor markets of Canada ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a4p5h4ujl7","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Aguiar & Halseth, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Aguiar & Halseth, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2207,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/Q3EU2EMC"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/Q3EU2EMC"],"itemData":{"id":2207,"type":"book","title":"Aboriginal peoples and historic trauma: the processes of intergenerational transmission","publisher":"National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health= Centre de collaboration …","author":[{"family":"Aguiar","given":"William"},{"family":"Halseth","given":"Regine"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Aguiar & Halseth, 2015). In recent years various study reports revealed that domestic violence faced by women in aboriginal communities has made them more vulnerable to unemployment and forced termination as compared to the general population. The rate of employment varies greatly within different communities of aboriginal people as well. Such as the Metis community has an employment rate of 75% while the Inuit and first nation communities only have a 61% employment rate. It has also been observed that First Nation people living off the reserve have better employment rates as compared to the people living in reserve ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1h8b6m0rd5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2210,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/TUXUE6IG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/TUXUE6IG"],"itemData":{"id":2210,"type":"article-journal","title":"Indigenous Communities and Social Enterprise in Canada: Incorporating Culture as an Essential Ingredient of Entrepreneurship","container-title":"Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy research","volume":"6","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Sengupta","given":"Ushnish"},{"family":"Vieta","given":"Marcelo"},{"family":"McMurtry","given":"John Justin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sengupta, Vieta, & McMurtry, 2015). Data results from labor surveys of 2009 and 2010 revealed that aboriginal people have seen a steeper increase in unemployment due to the downturn of the labor market as compared to the non-aboriginal population.

As the median income of the aboriginal groups is concerned they have considerably less income on average which is about $18,962 as compared to the median income of the general population which is about $21,498. Among aboriginal communities, First Nations people are the ones having the lowest median income as compared to all other aboriginal communities. Median income of First Nations people is about $17,007 which is the lowest among all ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2lcajeri5j","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Rodon & L\\uc0\\u233{}vesque, 2015)}","plainCitation":"(Rodon & Lévesque, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2213,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/VVN3MQ8V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/VVN3MQ8V"],"itemData":{"id":2213,"type":"article-journal","title":"Understanding the social and economic impacts of mining development in Inuit communities: Experiences with past and present mines in Inuit Nunangat","container-title":"Northern Review","page":"13–39-13–39","issue":"41","author":[{"family":"Rodon","given":"Thierry"},{"family":"Lévesque","given":"Francis"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Rodon & Lévesque, 2015). Lower income of Inuit people living in the northern areas of Canada makes the situation even worse due to the high costs of living in northern areas of the country. There are structural constraints that lower the participation of aboriginal people in labor markets. As it is evident that some aboriginal people participate in labor activities that are not recognized by law as the formal labor market. Some people face difficulties in integrating such economic activities with the general economy of Canada leaving their potential unnoticed at large ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a9aqiukscb","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Cot\\uc0\\u233{}, 2016)}","plainCitation":"(Coté, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2216,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/PB2S6FQ8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/PB2S6FQ8"],"itemData":{"id":2216,"type":"article-journal","title":"“Indigenizing” food sovereignty. Revitalizing indigenous food practices and ecological knowledges in Canada and the United States","container-title":"Humanities","page":"57","volume":"5","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"Coté","given":"Charlotte"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Coté, 2016). Depending on the seasonal nature of traditional economic activities there were 14% aboriginal people employed in seasonal contract jobs as compared to 9% of the general population in 2010.

The Canadian government has taken many initiatives to help aboriginal people to build a sustainable economy. In 1989 to provide long-term employment benefits and empowerment of local communities a strategy was designed known as the Canadian aboriginal economic development strategy. The strategy was initially focused on Inuit and First Nations people to improve their economic conditions and to control violence due to the sense of isolation being developed in these communities. Providing contemporary support for economic development of aboriginal people is the responsibility of Indigenous and northern affairs Canada. A federal framework was introduced in 2009 to increase the participation of aboriginal people in Canadian economy ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2q6tj28g3h","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Furniss, 2017)","plainCitation":"(Furniss, 2017)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2219,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/LJ3ND2TS"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/LJ3ND2TS"],"itemData":{"id":2219,"type":"chapter","title":"Challenging the myth of indigenous peoples’‘last stand’in Canada and Australia: public discourse and the conditions of silence","container-title":"Rethinking settler colonialism","publisher":"Manchester University Press","author":[{"family":"Furniss","given":"Elizabeth"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Furniss, 2017). The aim of the framework was to target the aboriginal communities in all parts of Canada. To make the framework effective for the well-being of aboriginal people an investment of $200 million was made in the time span of four years. Assistance for economic growth is not only provided by the government only. Many non-governmental and non-profit organizations are also helping aboriginal people to improve their economic conditions. One such example is the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business that not only provide funding for business but also provide mentorship for increased participation of people in the general economy of the country.

Although the initiatives have helped local communities to overcome their financial and economic issues the impacts, in the long run, are not as significant as the trends of economic deterioration are still on rising due to violence. With the initiatives of INAC, the interest of aboriginal people in enterprise business is increasing gradually. Almost 38% increase in self-employment has been observed in aboriginal people due to the initiatives of INAC and it is considered to be an all-time high record in employment conditions of these communities. Their businesses span a large variety of industrial sectors such as construction, agriculture, and forestry ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a16efqjo7la","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Marshall, 2015)","plainCitation":"(Marshall, 2015)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2222,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/7Q5PKA49"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/7Q5PKA49"],"itemData":{"id":2222,"type":"article-journal","title":"Canadian drug policy and the reproduction of Indigenous inequities","container-title":"The International Indigenous Policy Journal","page":"7","volume":"6","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Marshall","given":"Shelley G."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Marshall, 2015). During the year 2010, most of the aboriginal enterprise businesses reported growth in their revenues as compared to the previous years. Business ventures owned by local communities are very helpful for the local aboriginal communities as they constitute the two-thirds majority of the workforce in such businesses.

Along with different forms of violence such as domestic violence and spousal violence many other factors affect the economies of aboriginal people in Canada such as poverty, high living costs and quality of educational autonomy. Under colonial administration aboriginal people, especially those registered with Indian status were not in control of choosing their economic destiny. Greater influence of foreign settlers on local economy and disruption of local economic activities influenced the decision making the power of aboriginal communities ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1se4v0j58t","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Daigle, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Daigle, 2016)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2225,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/3YZLBVAU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/3YZLBVAU"],"itemData":{"id":2225,"type":"article-journal","title":"Awawanenitakik: The spatial politics of recognition and relational geographies of Indigenous self‐determination","container-title":"The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien","page":"259-269","volume":"60","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Daigle","given":"Michelle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Daigle, 2016). As per section 35 of Constitution act Canadian government believes that aboriginal people have an inherent right to self-government but there are unresolved complications between the federal government and self-government of aboriginal communities as of their lawmaking abilities. As of April 2015, the government has signed twenty-two self-government agreements involving a total of thirty-six aboriginal communities across Canada. As per the literacy rates are concerned in the aboriginal population almost all of the people have complete elementary school education. A great number of people have completed secondary school education with a growing number of university graduates. The results are improving over the years but the literacy status is still 23% as compared to the general literacy rate of 65%.

Despite all of the good efforts being put by the government to improve the living standards of the aboriginal communities the domestic violence is increasing both in numbers and severity of cases reported. Almost eight out of ten women are reported to be a victim of domestic violence. They are eight times more likely to be abused sexually as compared to the non-aboriginal population of Canada. As per the findings of the Aboriginal Healing Foundation and overwhelming 87% of families suffered from violence with 57% cases ending in severe physical injuries. It is believed that in aboriginal communities of northern areas almost 90% of women and 40% of children are abused by their family members ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a27u1tc5ev0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Daigle, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Daigle, 2019)"},"citationItems":[{"id":2228,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/NGSGE4UG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/gITejLE9/items/NGSGE4UG"],"itemData":{"id":2228,"type":"article-journal","title":"Tracing the terrain of Indigenous food sovereignties","container-title":"The Journal of Peasant Studies","page":"297-315","volume":"46","issue":"2","author":[{"family":"Daigle","given":"Michelle"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Daigle, 2019). Leading factors behind such type of domestic violence and an ever-increasing percentage of incidents include poor economic conditions and low literacy rates. High rates of alcohol and substance abuse are considered to be the leading cause of domestic violence in aboriginal communities and it is evident by the above discussion that such type of violence not only deteriorate the family structure and social fabric but also destroying their local economies as well.

Conclusion:

Aboriginal communities constitute at least 4% of the overall Canadian population. They are suffering from severe domestic violence and poor economy inherited from historical consequences. Substance abuse and poor economic conditions have increased domestic violence in aboriginal communities. Although many initiatives have been taken by the Canadian government following New Zealand and Philippine models the efforts are not fruitful as anticipated by the authorities. Violence is a major element in the economic deterioration of these communities. No imitative or program of reforms can be successful without a deeper understanding of historical events that lead to the current situation of these communities. Domestic violence has deep roots in European settlement in their areas disturbing local economies. However, consideration of self-government agreements is gradually improving the economic condition of aboriginal communities in Canada and the overall economy of the nation as well.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Aguiar, W., & Halseth, R. (2015). Aboriginal peoples and historic trauma: the processes of intergenerational transmission. National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health= Centre de collaboration ….

Anaya, S. J. (2015). Report of the special rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples in the situation of indigenous peoples in Canada. Ariz. J. Int’l & Comp. L., 32, 143.

Coté, C. (2016). “Indigenizing” food sovereignty. Revitalizing indigenous food practices and ecological knowledges in Canada and the United States. Humanities, 5(3), 57.

Daigle, M. (2016). Awawanenitakik: The spatial politics of recognition and relational geographies of Indigenous self‐determination. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 60(2), 259–269.

Daigle, M. (2019). Tracing the terrain of Indigenous food sovereignties. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(2), 297–315.

Feir, D. L. (2016). The long‐term effects of forcible assimilation policy: The case of Indian boarding schools. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique, 49(2), 433–480.

Furniss, E. (2017). Challenging the myth of indigenous peoples’‘last stand’in Canada and Australia: public discourse and the conditions of silence. In Rethinking settler colonialism. Manchester University Press.

Greenwood, M., De Leeuw, S., & Lindsay, N. M. (2018). Determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ Health: Beyond the Social. Canadian Scholars.

Hart, S. D. (2016). Culture and violence risk assessment: The case of Ewert v. Canada. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 3(2), 76.

Kuokkanen, R. (2015). Gendered Violence and Politics in Indigenous Communities: The Cases of Aboriginal People in Canada and the Sami in Scandinavia. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 17(2), 271–288.

Lyons, T., Krüsi, A., Pierre, L., Kerr, T., Small, W., & Shannon, K. (2017). Negotiating violence in the context of transphobia and criminalization: the experiences of trans sex workers in Vancouver, Canada. Qualitative Health Research, 27(2), 182–190.

MacDonald, C., & Steenbeek, A. (2015). The impact of colonization and western assimilation on health and wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal people. International Journal of Regional and Local History, 10(1), 32–46.

Marshall, S. G. (2015). Canadian drug policy and the reproduction of Indigenous inequities. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 6(1), 7.

Paradies, Y. (2016). Colonization, racism and indigenous health. Journal of Population Research, 33(1), 83–96.

Reading, C., & Greenwood, M. (2015). Structural determinants of aboriginal people’s health. Canadian Scholars’ Press Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Rodon, T., & Lévesque, F. (2015). Understanding the social and economic impacts of mining development in Inuit communities: Experiences with past and present mines in Inuit Nunangat. Northern Review, (41), 13–39–13–39.

Ruddell, R., & Thomas, M. O. (2015). Determinants of police strength in Canadian cities: Assessing the impact of minority threat. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 57(2), 215–252.

Samuel, K., Alkire, S., Zavaleta, D., Mills, C., & Hammock, J. (2018). Social isolation and its relationship to multidimensional poverty. Oxford Development Studies, 46(1), 83–97.

Sengupta, U., Vieta, M., & McMurtry, J. J. (2015). Indigenous Communities and Social Enterprise in Canada: Incorporating Culture as an Essential Ingredient of Entrepreneurship. Canadian Journal of Nonprofit and Social Economy Research, 6(1).

Wage Price Rigidity

Institution

Student’s name

Course

Date

Price Wage Rigidity

Price wage rigidity maintains that prices and wages are not flexible. This contradicts with what is stated in the classical theory, which means that it is impossible to reach an equilibrium level in the markets. Classical economists believe that unemployment results from mismatches. On the other hand, Keynesian economists believe that for adjustments of wages and prices in the market, then it is necessary for the government to intervene (Montgomery 2017). According to the Keynes’ theory, full employment would be maintained even with the drop in the aggregate demand if at all other workers are willing to have their wages reduced. In real life, employers are not always ready to ask workers to accept a reduction in their wages when the demand reduces since they know their workers would not take the idea positively. This makes them prefer firing workers. Those who are laid off respond by reducing consumption, which worsens the initial aggregate drop.

Keynes maintains that the key to restoring full employment when the economy is down is reducing wages by increasing aggregate demand. This, in turn, increased the prices relative to wages. They also believe that workers are normally willing to take reduced real wage in order to have full employment restored. But then this is only when the reduction is attained by increasing prices. Keynes theory is actually reasonable. Reducing real wages is one of the aspects that could not be easily accepted by most workers (Favilukis & Lin 2015). Few supporters of this theory are conversant with the central role of creating many efforts in order to reduce the real wages as a way of restoring full employment. Lastly, Keynes’ agreement on having government involved in the market is overstated. The economy is viewed by Keynes from a macroeconomic approach. The use of macro policy interventions is advocated as more or less fiscal policy expansion. The detailed intervention of the government is not advocated.

References

Favilukis, J., & Lin, X. (2015). Wage rigidity: A quantitative solution to several asset pricing puzzles. The Review of Financial Studies, 29(1), 148-192.

Montgomery, H. B. (2017). Energy price shocks and macroeconomic performance. Routledge.

What Is Meant By ‘competition’ In The Economy? Is It Always Desirable? Use The 'gig Economy' To Explain Your Answer.

Analytical Essay

[Name of student]

[Name of University]

Analytical Essay

Introduction

In Economics, competition is defined as a rivalry in which the party concerned with selling tries to procure what other sellers are seeking, taking into account spectra such as profit, sales and market share that is offered by a suitable combination of quality, service and price. It would not be wrong to say that competition plays a significant and regular role in balancing the chain of supply and demand. Economists assert that there are different sellers and buyers in the market place for each service and this difference paves the way for competition that allows prices to change as a response to change in demand and supply. According to Adam Smith, competition is a crucial need for invisible hands to maintain a balance in economy. He incorporated the example of primitive society with two products, i.e. deer and beaver to explain his understanding. In current scenario, it can be asserted that competition is a healthy approach to some extent, taking into account that it has both advantages and adversities.

At one side competition is necessary for qualitative and quantitative growth provided it can be an unhealthy activity when it has certain companions and suppresses markets. It can be best understood by the idea of “gig economy” defined as, a way of working that is linked with people who have separated any paid rather than serving an employer. (Popov, et, al. 2019). It is important to note that Gig economy is also called “freelancer economy” as an independent workforce. In a simplified form, the gig economy is more like an individual job where collective earning is equal to that of full time employment. The prime factors of gig economy are clients, independent contractors and workers who are meant to pay and save taxes. It is significant to note that gig economy is directly associated with economy and competition adhering to a direct relationship. It highlights that gig economy is one of the major tools that has highlighted economy side by side, it has increased competition all around the globe. (Howard, et, al. 2019). It is asserted that gig economy has stabilized economy through an increased focus on automation and technologies, taking into account that it is an opportunity to find more and career-oriented work that automatically enriches economy.

Discussion

There are different schools of thought that could illustrate the core of economics taking into account that two major departments of thoughts are, "classical" and "neoclassical" school of economic thought.

Classical Economics

Classical Economics is a school of thought that came into consideration in late 18th century, proposed by Adam Smith. This ideology was redefined by John Stuart and David Ricardo. These schools of thought are based on the idea of economic growth and economic freedom, accompanied by laissez-faire ideas and incorporating free competition. In accordance with this school of thought, only those economies function adequately where every individual is allowed to practice in his or her own interest. (Popov, et, al. 2019). Classical economics assert an environment of open and free competition, taking into account that it rejects interference of government in market place. The Classical Economists view competition as an ideology that coordinates with the diverging self-interest of individuals who are acting independently on a common theme and direct them to acquire a dynamic equilibrium. (Soldatos, 2019).

In a simplified form, classical economists define competition as a rivalrous, equilibrating and endless process. In this competitive process, the actual prices of the goods are attracted to natural prices, taking into account that the overall rate of profit displaces towards normal analogues. Adam Smith called it, “Perfect Liberty” because it strengthens the free mobility of capitals. It is significant to note that Classical economic analysis highlights and adheres to erect competition, taking into amount Amit’s trifling example: where an ever-present pressure to cut the costs per unit will increase productivity by keeping into consideration the division of labour. (Popov, et, al. 2019). In a simplified form, Classical approach towards economy asserts advantageous employment where an individual is given prime importance rather than society. This advantage is derived from natural association rather than necessity.

Neoclassical Economics

Neoclassical economics is another approach to economics that asserts a relationship between supply and demand adhering the attribute of rationality of an individual to maximize profit or unity. This approach was presented by William Stanley in 19th century and became popular in the early 20th centuries. (Giocoli, et, al. 2018). It would not be wrong to say that this approach adheres to mathematical equations as a tool to study different aspects of economy. In a simplified form, neoclassical economics refers to the fact that every consumer is concerned to maximize individual satisfaction taking into consideration that all decisions are the product of informed evaluations of utility. Another paradigm of this approach highlights that competition may lead to an effective and efficient allocation of resources within an economy, taking resources as a baseline of equilibrium between demand and supply. Neoclassical economics assert, saving is the hallmark of investment and plays a direct role in both growth and market, addressing the full environment of resources. (Giocoli, et, al. 2018).

The understanding of competition in terms of neoclassical model highlights "model of perfect competition" that describes ideal conditions, taking into account that existence of such ideal conditions is necessary to ensure adequate competitive behaviour. The baseline of “perfect competition model” describes market as a platform that comprises of both small and large settings that are made to sell homogenous commodity to a large variety of customers. (Soldatos, 2019). It is significant to note that this model is an idol of perfection in all terms, such as cost and prices of each good, analysis of preference of customer asserting there are no impediments in terms of factors of production. In a simplified form, this model infers that behaviour of the firm is made passive by price taking behaviour. The price taking behaviour also highlights and empowers utility by consumer and extending the welfare notion of society. It would not be wrong to say that the framework of competition is made directly proportional to the number of procedures as well as the structure of an industry.

The neoclassical approach defines competition as a state rather than a process taking in account that an ideal situation is the one in which firms work independently to each other and every individual works with an aim to respect the prevailing price. Another spectrum of this ideology reflects the inclusion of technology because of availability of technology that is treated as one of the beneficial essences. (Giocoli, et, al. 2018). Despite all assumptions and frameworks, it is significant to note that the business of an enterprise is not well suited for neoclassical competition because firms are in obsession and inescapable pressure to synchronize with novelty and innovate, with an aim to introduce certain cost minimizing techniques in their struggle to eliminate competitors by cutting both prices and unit costs.

Similarities

“The law of best price" is an ideology that is accepted by both schools of economic thoughts taking into account that an economist is supposed to operate in a very limited time. It is asserted that this ideology refers to “same commodity” that refers to the intra-industry competition. "The law of best price" infers that the attainment of natural prices requires comparatively long-time frame because capital flows in and out of the industries with an approach to equalize the profit rates. (Bresser-Pereira, et, al. 2018). An exegetical analysis reveals that both economic schools of thought have highlighted “assumptions", taking into account that offshoots are diverted to different pathways. It would not be wrong to say that the originators of both the schools of economics ought to have taken competition as a process in which short term goals refer to the establishment of equal price addressing the stance of unequal rates of profit between firm and industries, adhering to long term objectives of inflow and outflow of capitals. (Howard, et, al. 2019).

Difference

Taking into account the stance of similarities, it can be found that there are a number of differences as well that differentiate the two schools of thought. One of the major differences is utility where classical school adheres to equilibrium as a function and interest of wages rather than supply and demand. (Frank, et, al. 2019). On the other hand, the neoclassical school considers utility as a function of supply and demand in all markets. Both the ideologies have different values, taking into consideration that in classical school, the value of a good is equal to the cost at which it is produced while in neoclassical school, the value of a good refers to the function of demand and supply of that good. Values are more like an inherent property in neoclassical economics where value is a perceived property.

It is significant to note that both the schools of thought place profit at two different paradigms, neoclassical school define profit as a surplus of earnings over expenses. It can be well understood by analyzing an example, such as, if there is a higher price associated with supply and demand as compared to that of labour and capital then the good and its components have variant equilibrium prices. While classical school defined it as a payment to the capital for performing a function that is socially useful. Neoclassical school asserts rationality while in classical economics, there is no distinction between individual and firm, taking into account that profits are actually same as wages meant for workers. (Frank, et, al. 2019). Equilibrium is another point of differentiation, taking into account that classical economics assert equilibrium to occur at a point of intersection on the curves of supply and demand while from classicism point of view, equilibrium occurs when savings are equal to the amount invested.

Issues

There are certain issues, traced as a result of analysts of in-depth information, taking into account that economy is considered as the baseline of development and prosperity where development is cordially dependent on economy itself. It is asserted the economy would be a proper way that could fulfil the needs of both an individual and a state. However, it is important to note that although Neoclassical theory is associated with the idea of neoliberal political policies and it is linked with the rejection of the idea present by Marx. (Bresser-Pereira, et, al. 2018). He wrote regarding exploitation and promotion of ideas asserting that the distribution of resources produced by market exchange is both just and fair. it is equally important to note that the Neoclassical school of thought have a very narrow scope in terms of practice. It is also a delimitation that the school of thought that is considered with economic development as a non- continuous price, is actually a possibility of cyclic fluctuation in the overall framework of development.

On the other hand, the classical school of economic development also have some certain and sheer issues such as conflicting economic interest that would be reconciled by large operation of competitive market, accompanied by a narrow approach to activity by the governing body. (Bresser-Pereira, et, al. 2018). Another issue is “unfortunate point about class natural assumptions’, taking into consideration that refits and rents are actually legitimate shares. It paved the way for critical thought that capitalist makes and earn origin as a result of risk taken in a competitive trade market. It is also significant to note that the classical economist is bound to emphasize the economy by adhering to competitive markets without any intervention of state where some of its theories may prove futile due to some integral drawbacks. (Soldatos, 2019).

Conclusion

It would not be wrong to say that perfect competition is an idealistic approach that is imposed by the requirement of neoclassical theory, taking into consideration that classical concept of competition is a process of rivalry between firms where market shares are meant for rage fringes of economic timeline. It would be effective to associate realistic approach with the classical conception, because it would be significant to note that under the impact of rivalry, there is a continuous struggle in firms with stress in technologies that could invest fixed capital by increasing the reactivity and reduce unit cost. In a nutshell, it can be asserted that in order to understand the impression of economics in today's age it is necessary to think about economist ideas accompanied by revolutionary theories that can help to reshape the economic structure. Taking into consideration, the two schools of economic thought, it can be asserted that economy is more like a hallmark of development and today. Development is all about competition, the stance of competition is empowered by Gig economy where an individual is the most prominent thing taking into account that it was a ledge of unemployment. Adhering to toady’s technology gig employment has imparted a massive competition starting from traditional freelancing to online platforms where the overall economy of the country is boosted in a highly positive way.

References

Bresser-Pereira, L. C. (2018). Historical models and economic syllogisms. Journal of Economic Methodology, 25(1), 68-82.

Frank, S. D., & Henderson, D. R. (2019). the Competitive Performance. Competitive Strategy Analysis In The Food System, 44.

Giocoli, N. (2018). Neither populist nor neoclassical: the classical roots of the competition principle in American antitrust.

Howard, M. (2019) Classical and Marxian Political Economy. Essays in Honour of RL.

Popov, E., Krivorotov, V., & Starodubets, N. (2019). Formation of the Company Leadership in the Competitive Strategy. In Sustainable Leadership for Entrepreneurs and Academics (pp. 255-262). Springer, Cham.

Soldatos, G. T., & Varelas, E. (2019). Emotional intelligence in a neoclassical framework and the nature of capitalism. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(1), 2-17.

What Should Tanzania Do With His Stockpile Of Ivory Tusks?

What should Tanzania do with his stockpile of Ivory Tusks?

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

What should Tanzania do with his stockpile of Ivory Tusks?

The killing of elephants for ivory is one of the severe issues in Tanzania. Thousands of ivory tusks are under government supervision. Government is trying to save elephants from poachers who are killing them for the sake of money by selling their ivory tusks. The government should also think for the illegal stockpile of ivory tusks they acquired. Tanzania is a poor country who needs to increase their economic growth, or economic revenue through different means. There are two options for the government. Firstly, they can sell the stockpile of ivory to international buyers and secondly, they can burn ivory if international donors pay the government for it. Government needs to select one of the options after examining not only the benefits but also the harmful impact of the decisions.

According to me, the second option is better for the country. Revenue can increase when international donors pay the government to burn the stockpile of ivory. By burning ivory, poachers will be discouraged to kill the Elephants for personal benefit. Revenue will rise, and ivory which is useless for the government will turn into a productive item. The first option is not good because if governments try to sell the stockpile of ivory, then it will increase the demand for ivory in the international market. If poacher identifies the increasing demand and the value of ivory, they will kill more elephants. In result, wildlife will be in danger ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2c8f8a81ml","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Association, 2012)","plainCitation":"(Association, 2012)"},"citationItems":[{"id":55,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/huOLSO3Z/items/PTI4GDJL"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/huOLSO3Z/items/PTI4GDJL"],"itemData":{"id":55,"type":"article-newspaper","title":"Tanzania's plan to sell ivory stockpile is 'ludicrous', say conservationists","container-title":"The Guardian","section":"Environment","source":"www.theguardian.com","abstract":"The east African country has formally requested permission to allow it to hold a sale of more than 100 tonnes of ivory","URL":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/oct/09/tanzania-sell-ivory-stockpile","ISSN":"0261-3077","language":"en-GB","author":[{"family":"Association","given":"Press"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2012",10,9]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,8]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Association, 2012).

For any government, maximization of profit for the economy should be the aim but with least harm to another aspect of the society. Therefore by burning, ivory can be beneficial for the economy, and it will not increase damages for wildlife. On the other hand export of ivory may help in gaining profit little more but wildlife will be in danger, which later will become the negative factor for the country's economy.

Reference

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Association, P. (2012, October 9). Tanzania’s plan to sell ivory stockpile is “ludicrous”, say conservationists. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/oct/09/tanzania-sell-ivory-stockpile

Why Is Unemployment So High In Europe?

Economics

Why is Unemployment so high in Europe?

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

The rate of unemployment keeps fluctuation in all the countries of the world, including European countries. The unemployment in Europe has been increasing for the past 15 years or so. Researchers suggest that this high rate of unemployment is due to shocks in the economy, shocks that are beyond the explanation of economic theories. They can be explained by theories of hysteresis. One important reason is the wage bargaining, meaning if firms and insiders bargain to set wages, the economic shocks affecting the actual unemployment will also affect equilibrium unemployment. Europe has been affected by demand shocks and aggregate supply of human capital and physical capital explain the increase in equilibrium unemployment (Blanchard & Summers, 1986).

Europe has been facing high unemployment rates 1980s onwards. It has been difficult for European countries to combat undesirable economic situations caused by changes like the restructuring of industries like manufacturing and services, technological advancements and shifts in international trends. Entrants into the labor market need to update their skills, like the technological skills, to remain in the labor force (Ljungqvist & Sargent, 1998).

There is no significant heterogeneity in economic shocks to explain the differences in the economic situation in different European countries, however the unemployment is high. The relationship between the economic shocks and the labor institutions is important in the explanation of the trends in the economies (Blanchard & Wolfers, 2000).

Unemployment in Europe has been increasing since the 1970s and is still high till this time. Researchers and policy makers have been focusing on economic shocks to explain the higher levels of unemployment but now the focus has shifted to institutions. The unemployment has not been fully explained by economic theories, facts sometimes tend to deviate from theoretical explanation (Blanchard, 2006).

The economy grows in size in the long run. The variables like investment, consumption and government expenditure tend to increase. This results in more economic activity and job creation. However, ion the short run, economies may face inflation, unemployment and restricted exports. Factors like aggregate supply, aggregate demand and FDI affect the rate of unemployment and inflation. Trends like offshoring and outsourcing can also lead to an increase in unemployment in the source country.

Economic activity is also noticeably affected by the political policies and intervention. Making business difficult for exporters by removing any subsidies, taxes or any other moves that are undesirable to exporters affect the GDP and hence rate of employment. Similarly, applying tariffs and quotas on imports may drive the trading countries to limit their trade with the country in question. Ease of doing business in a country attracts FDI and it can be an important source of boosting the employment rate. The movement of economy towards a more technological type has disabled many low skilled workers and pushed them out of the market. The aggregate demand however goes on increasing every year due to increase in population and other factors which keep the economy growing in the long run.

References

Blanchard, O. (2006). European unemployment: the evolution of facts and ideas. Economic Policy, 21(45), 6–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2006.00153.x

Blanchard, O. J., & Summers, L. H. (1986). Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 1, 15–78. https://doi.org/10.1086/654013

Ljungqvist, L., & Sargent, T. J. (1998). The European Unemployment Dilemma. Journal of Political Economy, 106(3), 514–550. https://doi.org/10.1086/250020

Blanchard, O., & Wolfers, J. (2000). The Role of Shocks and Institutions in the Rise of European Unemployment: the Aggregate Evidence. The Economic Journal, 110(462), C1–C33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00518

WHY TOTAL INCOME AND TOTAL OUTPUT HAVE TO EQUAL

Why Total Income and Total Output have to Equal

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Why Total Income and Total Output have to Equal

Introduction

The concept that total income and total output are the same and equal is not clear to every individual. The total income and total output are same and equal all the time which may be consideration of income and output of a country or a company. This paper explains with a solid example that why the total income and total output have to equal.

Body

In terms of Macro-Economics, the terms total income and total output are the same things and therefore they would be always equal (Martin, 2003). The total output of an economy means that all the goods and services produced and manufactured by that economy in a particular period of time (for example one year) by the use of capital, labor, available technology and commodities or material (Kalecki, 1997). It is consequently also the total income of the particular country, nation or economy.

At the micro-economic level, this is easier to hold on the idea of equality of income and output. For instance, I am the person in my economy who made a particular amount of shoes in that particular year through the use of leather (material) and labor from my cattle. Say that the market value of the output of shoes in the year was $150,000. Then the final value of my total output is $150,000. The second way to say it is that my total income was $150,000 through the sale of shoes for the market value of $150,000 (Harry, 2019). So I got a total income of $150,000 which I have for spending on anything that I want to purchase or avail.

Conclusion

After the deep analysis of the statement with examination through an example, is has been concluded that the output of and economy and total income are equal because the value of total output and total income are same which is $150,000.

References

Harry, H. (2019). Measuring Total Output and Income Study Guide Tophat.com. Retrieved 19 July 2019, from https://tophat.com/marketplace/social-science/economics/course-notes/oer-measuring-total-output-and-income-study-guide/2829

Kalecki, M. (1997). A theory of commodity, income, and capital taxation. The Economic Journal, 47(187), 444-450.

Martin, S. (2003). Advanced industrial economics. Solutions manual. Blackwell.

Wild Card Topics

Submitted by

Submitted to

Assignment

Date

Question 5

1. Define Plutocrat

Plutocrat is" representative of the wealthiest elite of the ruling class, possessing influence and power thanks to its wealth. Hanauer has been called "America's premier self-loathing plutocrat," a description he relishes, though he is not embarrassed by his wealth. (Ball1)

2. Give three reasons we should or three reasons we should not raise the minimum wage?

We should raise the minimum wages because;

It will allow people to be empowered

It will raise the standard of life and people will spend more on products so the demand will increase. If demand increases, it will enforce productivity.

It will allow us to lower down the gap between the middle and upper class.

6. Do you agree with Mark Cuban and why?

I agree with Cuban because he revealed the bitter realities related to employee and employers. He is right by saying that every year companies spend thousands of dollars in placing ads, hiring new employees just in search of best employees. Thus the sample rule applies to employees as well. It is essential to understand that with a frequent change of work, for whatever reason, a person develops a specific model of behavior. And it is no longer a search for oneself or the formation of a false portrait, the inability to adapt and other prerequisites become the causes of a frequent change of work. Still, a formed habit is a behavior model. A person gets used to close his needs due to a constant change of work: for someone, it is a need for new emotions, for someone it is a need to start all over again, etc. Changing such a model yourself will be quite difficult.

7. David Stockman and the Debt Crisis. Should we be afraid and why?

They have almost no room left for maneuver. Some say that the Fed may divert the rate to negative values. But this is impossible to do in the USA. If they try to lower the rate to negative values ​​- and finally finish off all the few remaining accumulative and pension funds in America - people will come to Washington with forks and torches. So this will not happen. Stockman says that we received a massive increase in the number of Treasuries on the Fed's balance sheet - which grew from 850 billion at the start of the crisis to 4.5 trillion at its peak. You need to understand what this race is about - to reduce profitability. In a decline in yields of the 90 trillion global debt bond market.

Question 8.

1. What three reasons do you agree with?

American does have fewer babies because they do not want to compromise over their freedom and leisure time. It is true because couple want freedom and due to extra child responsibilities and especially for woman forces them to think about fewer children

Financial problems also allow people to have fewer babies because economic resources are limited, and there are no such resources available to raise the child. Due to fewer jobs and low wages, people avoid the child.

Young girls who want to go to college or pursue college education go for less child option. Because it is not easy for them to manage children and school at the same time.

2. Given the information, should we open up our borders to immigrants to help grow the labor force given the low birth rate? Why or why not?

No open up border can't be a solution to help grow labor force because with opening borders new crisis will also start like job shortage, the burden on economy, racism and discrimination.

Works cited

Ball, Molly. “A Venture Capitalist's Case for Raising the Minimum Wage.” The Atlantic,

Atlantic Media Company, 28 Dec. 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/01/a-plutocrats-case-for-raising-the-minimum-wage/419130/.

Limitone, Julia. “David Stockman: Trump Will Create a Debt Crisis Like Never Before.” Fox

Business, Fox Business, 12 Feb. 2018, https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/david-stockman-trump-will-create-a-debt-crisis-like-never-before.

Wild Card Topics

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Date

Wild Card Topics

Topic no.1

A wave of baby boomers retiring

1. A upsurge of baby boomers retiring unnecessary, to the tune of 10,000 males and females a day. The rising costs that threaten to ruined the country. Retiring baby boomers is increasing in costs of Medicaid and Medicare by 2020. Like health-care prices increase earlier than financial growth, Trust Fund and Medicare taxes will cover lesser. The three options include save it by medical machinery, being prevent from dying a normal death, or modern medicine has turn into so worthy at keeping the mortally ill alive through treating the problems of fundamental disease that the unavoidable procedure of dying has turn into harder and is frequently prolonged unnecessarily.

Topic no.2

Non-traditional

2. According to the NRP, non-traditional students are more open to trying out new ways of following a program (e-learning, skills-based learning, etc.), they are a golden opportunity for institutions higher education to examine the impact and effectiveness of innovative programs on student success. This is even more true when a comparison is possible with more traditional programs.

The needs, skills and expectations of non-traditional students should henceforth draw from the portraits that are drawn from higher education. In the absence of accurate data, educational institutions are unable to effectively serve this growing clientele. Among these students, reveals the report, those who do not participate in extracurricular activities, spend a minimum of time on campus, fund their education alone and have a negative experience with university support services are at higher risk of not getting their degree. Some of these students may not be aware of the services offered and therefore need to be informed. However, efforts should focus primarily on individuals who have had negative experiences with the services they receive.

Topic no.3

we need laws to protect us from Data Brokers

3. Everything you do is recorded from the moment you connect to the Internet. It saves information about the device you use, the times of the day in which you browse, where you do it, and of course, the sites you visit and how long you stay on each page. What you call your attention is recorded, what you put on a wish list, the links you pass to your contacts and share on social networks. This information record is part of a process known as Big Data. Despite its novelty, the Big Data market is recognized as one of the fastest growing in the coming years.

The information that is collected through the technologies that we consume, is worth its weight in gold. Within the Big Data gear, data brokers are the actors in charge of collecting and classifying that information. After processing it, they create profiles of the consumers to sell them to the companies and that is where they obtain benefits. The companies that buy that information use it to make advertising campaigns with personalized messages. Knowing the wishes of consumers generates greater sales to the customers of the data brokers. All thanks to a raw material that many users underestimate when thinking that information such as a "Like" on Facebook or an email does not have much importance.

Topic no.4

4. Amazon is run by the richest man in the world, does not pay high wages or have a reputation for good benefits and worker treatment, and now they are developing technology to eliminate thousands of workers. Is this the new economy and how will average workers compete? What do you think?

Machines could replace man, and Marx did the same afterwards. At about the same time, in England and France in textile factories, the workers destroyed the machines intended to replace them. Subsequently, the fear of machines was quieted. New jobs were created, with better wages and better working conditions for a larger number of employees. However, the initial fear was not unfounded. It is probably justified in the very long term: one day or the other, there will not be enough jobs. Nevertheless, this worrying prospect is much closer to some countries. If the machines replace them, what will the workers do?

Recently, automation of production has expanded to relatively cheap labor sectors. Today, in Amazon the replacement of labor by machines extends beyond industrial production. An example from everyday life: in supermarkets, cashiers are gradually being replaced by a series of self-service cash machines that allow customers to account for their own purchases under the supervision of a single employee. It may not be automation itself, as the supermarket simply transfers the customer's task of recording purchases.

There is a lot of talk that new technologies are going to generate new jobs in market niches little known so far. Up to this point, good news, but the other side of the coin must be pointed out: the jobs that are going to be amortized, especially due to their disappearance or the reduction of workforce in the coming years. The increasing robotization of the economy is another of the changes that the new productive system is already generating. Up to now, it was common in the assembly lines to find workers who supervised the operation of the machines. Nowadays, it is the machines that do this work, so the human factor, for certain types of activities, is less and less necessary. We have gone from the machine that could only perform scheduled tasks to having machines that can almost think.

Writer Discretion

Title page

Wal-Mart

Wal-Mart follows the business model of the high cost of low price. The company's ideology is to offer products at the lowest retail prices in the market. It aims at selling at the cheapest prices compared to the competitors. When customers are allowed to purchase daily products at the lowest prices they are convinced to buy. The customers believe that they have gain value by purchasing at a low price. When consumers are making choices on purchasing they want to save money. Wal-Mart gives them the opportunity of saving money by allowing shopping at the lowest price. Every buyer is cost conscious according to Wal-Mart this makes the low-cost model more attainable CITATION You153 \l 1033 (YouTube, 2015). This strategy of the company allowed it to grow throughout the years. low-cost model is the primary reason for the company's strong market position and good reputation.

The model relies on economies of scale that suggests reducing prices of purchasing from the vendors. When the company buy at low prices it is more likely to sell at discounted prices. Wal-Mart believes that customers choose between alternatives and purchase the one that gives them some economic benefit. To make better use of economies of scale the store is established on the most ideal location. This adds to the strength of the company because 90 percent of the people are living in locations that are closed to Wal-Mart CITATION You153 \l 1033 (YouTube, 2015). Easy access to the store encourages customers to buy products from Wal-Mart. Strategically Wal-Mark enjoys a competitive advantage due to its geographical location.

Suppliers relation is another feature of the company's business model. Maintaining strong connections with suppliers gives a margin of selling products at the lowest prices. Wal-Mart has entered into the business of outsourcing its point-of-sales information to the suppliers. This is an effective method for maintaining inventories and eliminating possibilities of waste. The company focus on estimating the life cycle of the products that prevent the stores from storing excessive products. This has allowed the company to maintain efficiency in operations CITATION Iwu11 \l 1033 (Iwu-Egwuonwu, 2011). providing information to the suppliers has increased efficiency in inventory operations.

I am impressed with Wal-Mart's low-cost business model. it was only due to lower prices that the company managed to earn huge revenues. The profits grew consistently because the company's ideology was on grabbing customers. Lower prices added competitive advantage because this allowed Wal-Mart to grab larger market shares. The company focuses on giving the best customer service that leaves a good impression on them. This is also linked to customer satisfaction. I think this is another factor that contributed to the company's success.

Another thing that impresses me about Wal-Mart is its strategy of building a strong relationship with customers. Get the message to the customers is an effective strategy for increasing the company's sales. Wal-Mart has a strategy of entering households becoming part of families. I think this remains the central factor behind the company's growth and progress.

Without company claims about high standards of employment but the worker's exhibit dissatisfaction. Company’s policy towards employees does not inspire me because it provides dorm facilities to the employees. The rents are deducted from the wages of the employees. The company charge employees on utilities depending on their use. This reflects Wal-Mart lacks an effective policy towards employees. Most of the employees lack access to windows that makes it hard to live in dorms. The video reveals employees dissatisfaction towards the company's policy and hard work rules CITATION Iwu11 \l 1033 (Iwu-Egwuonwu, 2011). This depicts the need for addressing their concerns such as having more than one fan in the room. Employees are actually working seven days that is quite tough for them because they get only a single day off CITATION You153 \l 1033 (YouTube, 2015). The company is also lacking long-term plans for the employees such as retirement funds.

I would change the employees’ policy and adopt a reward system that means paying bonuses according to the performance. This will be effective for motivating employees and encouraging them to stay loyal to the company. As Wal-Mart is earning enormous profits and record sales it must improve the conditions of employees CITATION Iwu11 \l 1033 (Iwu-Egwuonwu, 2011). Offering reward policy and retirement benefits will be practical tools for building loyalty. Each year many employees leave the company that indicates the need for adopting effective retention policy. Harsh work laws are also ineffective for promoting determination. The employees complain about the punishments received from the managers. Many employees are also fired when they don’t perform well. I think that the company needs to integrate employee motivation strategies that will enhance their work performance and morale CITATION Wai12 \l 1033 (Kan, 2012). I would replace overwork by hiring more employees because it is against labor rights. The standard work hours must be eight.

Another thing that I would like to change about Wal-Mart is the implementation of corporate social responsibility. This reflects the company's concerns towards people, employees and society. The company may ignore employee satisfaction but in the long run, it can undermine a company's strong position. Company's negligence of CSR is apparent in the fine of $3.1 million paid by Wal-Mart in 2005 for violation of the Clean Water Act CITATION You153 \l 1033 (YouTube, 2015). The company can address these issues for maintaining a good reputation in America. Company's care towards the environment and people will further strengthen its position.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Iwu-Egwuonwu, R. C. (2011). Corporate Reputation & Firm Performance: Empirical Literature Evidence. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 6, No. 4.

Kan, W. P. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Profitable Alternative. Spring.

YouTube. (2015). Walmart The High Cost Of Low Price. Retrieved 04 01, 2019, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jf-Sr3SjBzk

Writer Discretion

American’s productivity growth has slowed. Does it matter?

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

.

A storm of both economic and technological factors have been seen produced in the history of America that lowered the productivity gain to an extreme level. At present, it could be seen that there is a considerable drop in productivity growth as experts have called this period, time of recession in which productivity tends to fall. By taking a look at the reports that used give statistics of productivity, it won’t be wrong to say that the United States has become a victim of severe recession since 2004 and it has been seen that digital technology is being used extensively. Even there are pieces of evidence that support the fact that there is a clear decline in productivity growth in 2016. At present, the economists are trying to unlock this puzzle for knowing about the factors that are behind this slow productivity growth rate in the United States. If United States wants to gain the same reputation in the economy that it used to had, it has to find out factors that are becoming reason for this decline in productivity. According to the experts, there is a drastic decrease in the birthrates that is having a direct negative effect on the workforce. Low rates of birthrates, slows the expansion of workforce. At present, both government and experts are focusing on increasing the workforce of the United States.

Many markets are being badly affected by present recession, and their productivity growth has become very slow during the last five years, but one of the main markets is construction market that has been badly affected by slow productivity growth. Labor power usually serves as the backbone of business, market or economy. In the field of construction, it has been seen that from 1972 to 2010, the productivity of US grew by 84% but the median of the wages just increased by 21%. If productivity growth in the healthcare sector/market is measured, it could be seen that their growth rate was better in past than present. Weakness in capital formation is one of the main factors that have slowed labor productivity (Gordon,et,al,2015). Construction sector/market has also shown slow productivity growth as there used to be two policies that increase the rate of investment, firstly is stimulated aggregate demand and the secondly is increased taxation. Both these factors increase the investment amount in manufacturing market and become a cause of slow productivity growth as if there would be fewer investors who would be investing in manufacturing or construction. Economists are much frustrated with this fact that the United States is making less even by using more resources and investing more. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, there is a decline of 3% per year that is enhancing the slowness of productivity growth (di Mauro,et,al,2018). Economists are considering this fact that business owners are not investing much for making it productive; that's why there is a negative impact on the overall productivity growth ratio. So by taking a look at all the above-mentioned markets, it could be said that labor productivity is one of the main issues that is casting negative impacts on the overall economy of United States as economic growth depends on the improved productivity.

There are various negative impacts of slow productivity on various parts of the American economy. Mainly there have been seen various negative impacts of slow productivity growth on production, consumption, trade, and distribution. These are the parts of America economy that have been badly damaged because of the slow rate of productivity. Obvious pieces of evidence could be seen as if productivity of any market or sector would be satisfactory only then there would be seen a positive outcome in the American economy and all parts of the American economy would have satisfactory results at the end. When productivity is slow then the rate of production would be lower, when there would be low production, distribution is going to be affected at the same time, when there would be low rates of distribution that would directly affect trade. When things would be produced at low rates than their consumption would be less but the price of the items or things would be high that would increase demand of that particular item as well.

Slow productivity growth is a matter of great concern as it has been seen that many countries are giving the United States a tough competition, but history highlights a fact that the rate of productivity has been observed, reduced to a great level since 2006. It has become a matter of great concern as progress and prosperity of any nation depends on its economy that would be affected directly by the rate of productivity or productivity growth. If productivity growth is good then economy of that country would grow but if productivity growth is slow then economy would be badly affected, and that would cast negative impacts on all the sectors, markets, labors and individuals living in that country (Power,et,al,2018).

It cannot be said that there would be no impact of slow productivity growth on economic growth of a country, so as a whole, it could be said that slow productivity growth has become a matter of great concerns as United States is competing with other tough competitors who are working hard for improving the rate of their productivity growth. Also, it has been seen that productivity growth rate is directly related to the quality of life of a country, so it has been witnessed that if this slow rate of productivity is not going to be improved in few coming years than the life quality of American is going to be compromised for sure. So for maintaining the life quality of Americans, slow productivity growth has become a national concern for the United States and economists are trying their best for finding all the possible solutions that would accelerate productivity growth.

References:

Power, M. (2018). Race to the Bottom: Low Productivity, Market Power, and Lagging Wages Lance Taylor and Özlem Ömer.

di Mauro, F., Mottironi, B., Ottaviano, G., & Zona-Mattioli, A. (2018). 18-10 Living with Lower Productivity Growth: Impact on Exports.

Gordon, R. J. (2015). Secular stagnation on the supply side: US productivity growth in the long run.

Writer Discretion



Medical Costs

Your Name (First M. Last)

School or Institution Name (University at Place or Town, State)

Medical Costs

Introduction:

Healthcare is an instrumental part of the domestic paradigm of the United States of America (USA). Adults, elderly and the children all are affected by the manifestations of the healthcare structure. Every individual seeks critical care in life as preventive care, management of illness or treatment of an injury. Essentially, the structure of healthcare encompasses a broad horizon and engages doctors, hospitals, employers, insurance companies and state governments. However, the fundamental structure of healthcare in the United States suffers from grave challenges despite the utilization of innovative medical technology.

The United State of America has a unique healthcare system. It does not have a uniform healthcare system; also do not possess any universal coverage. Healthcare costs are rising rapidly in the country. The increase in healthcare cost affects every individual in certain ways. Due to the increase in healthcare cost three policy crisis have been recorded. Firstly, there is an increase in employer-based health insurance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"NKmjXfyL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}American Health Care,\\uc0\\u8221{} 2018)","plainCitation":"(“American Health Care,” 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/LPMQJHPY"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/LPMQJHPY"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"webpage","title":"American Health Care: Health Spending and the Federal Budget","container-title":"Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget","abstract":"The United States spends more on health care than any other country in the world, and a large share of that spending comes from the federal government. In 2017, the United States spent about $3.5 trillion, or 18 percent of GDP, on health expenditures – more than twice the average among developed countries.","URL":"https://www.crfb.org/papers/american-health-care-health-spending-and-federal-budget","shortTitle":"American Health Care","language":"en","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",5,16]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“American Health Care,” 2018). Second is the plight of Medicaid. From the year 2005 to 2015, there was about sixty-one percent increase in installment for household health insurance. Last crisis came within the government solvency which created the problem for the costs of healthcare. America is the nation that spends on healthcare more than any other nation. The major share of the spending comes from the federal government. The rise in health costs threatens the trust fund solvency and fiscal sustainability. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the major causes and useful recommendation to lower and maintain healthcare costs.

Discussion:

The fundamental concern is the surge in the cost of healthcare in the past decade which has deprived a wide range of population to afford the healthcare. Besides, the employers and businesses are also advancing to reduce the incentives pertinent to healthcare which were offered to the employees. For instance, there exist 13 underinsured people for every 100 insured people. The high insurance premiums are a plausible manifestation of the critical rate of uninsured people. The United States allocated more than 2 billion dollars, in 2006, on medical care which comprises the cost of hospitals, doctors, biotechnology, rehabilitation facilities, and pharmaceuticals. Each year, the United States spends an average of $6000 in the framework of Medicare for each person. A critical appraisal of these numbers reveals that they are very high in comparison to the industrialized states as Norway and Switzerland. Throughout elections, the funds allocated to healthcare have remained a contentious factor for both Democrats and Republicans since 2006 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"g0CtO9MK","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Right to Health Care ProCon.org,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Right to Health Care ProCon.org,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":188,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/DH6UX2SW"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/DH6UX2SW"],"itemData":{"id":188,"type":"webpage","title":"Right to Health Care ProCon.org","URL":"https://healthcare.procon.org/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Right to Health Care ProCon.org,” n.d.).

Medical costs are a contemporary concern in America. The recent survey reveals that it is a critical concern in the American household. It is observed that this concern is associated with the American population from more than a decade. However, it gets highlighted and comes in political debates at the event of the election. Politicians utilize this concern for strengthening their political power. Besides, using healthcare as a power card, politicians have done their role for the betterment in healthcare. Different healthcare programs and the Affordable Care Act's marketplace were developed by the government and media gave lots of attention to these inputs. A school of thought underpins that people ought not to be obliged to pay taxes to get access to healthcare. In his presidential tenure, Barack Obama remained a staunch advocate of the argument that healthcare should be a fundamental right sanctioned to every person, not a privilege granted to a few. The incumbent stakeholders have also devoted critical efforts and time to revolutionize the fundamental structure of healthcare in the United States. In the contemporary era, there exist a wide range of privately and publicly funded health care programs which assist to provide for the disabled, elderly, poor and the federal law grants.

Health Care Spending:

America spends its major share in healthcare. It is observed that the direct spending from overall GDP on healthcare is not the main issue. The spending on services is consuming more cost than its worth. The government of America provides funds on two types of the health program that are Medicare and Medicaid. According to the report, America has spent his budget on these two programs is about 17.8 percent in 2015 which reaches to 3.5 trillion dollars in 2017. Even after spending a large part of GDP on healthcare, America is failing to be known for the best healthcare system. Switzerland has the best healthcare system in the world. There are three main elements which are resulting in high healthcare cost. First is the cost of new technology and drugs, high spending over the advanced technology and drugs which increase demand for more intense services which may not be cost-effective. The second factor is the problem of obesity. The obesity rate is increasing in America and the government has to spend more to control its rate. The last and crucial factor for increased spending is high administrative costs. It is causing inflation in America's healthcare costs.

Employment-Based Insurance:

The government provides subsidies on various healthcare program and insurance. According to the office of management and budget around 340 billion dollars were spent on the employment-based insurance. Estimated 156 million people got benefit through the insurance from other family employers in which adult population was in majority. These subsidies come from the tax payment and it is noticed that the government faces difficulties and is thus unable to increase more taxes. Therefore, it is possible that the subsidies on employment-based insurance are going to fall over the next decades. Even after spending on employment-based insurance, the healthcare costs are increasing, the main reason for this cause is the even distribution of the facility. Around 40 million labors are unable to get paid sick leaves because employment-based insurance is covered through wage level. Organizations provide insurance benefits to the low proportions of low wage employers more than the employer with a high proportion of low wages. Gender-based benefits are also a problem where women get more benefits through healthcare insurance than men. The inequality in healthcare insurance contributed to the high costs of healthcare ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7E1Eq654","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}The U.S. Health Care System,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“The U.S. Health Care System,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":190,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/42W4HQET"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/mlRB1JqV/items/42W4HQET"],"itemData":{"id":190,"type":"webpage","title":"The U.S. Health Care System: An International Perspective","container-title":"DPEAFLCIO","URL":"https://dpeaflcio.org/programs-publications/issue-fact-sheets/the-u-s-health-care-system-an-international-perspective/","shortTitle":"The U.S. Health Care System","language":"en-US","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",4,3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“The U.S. Health Care System,” n.d.).

Medicare and Medicaid:

Medicare and Medicaid are the largest programs funded by the federal government in America. Government serves fifty-eight million disabled and elder citizens at the total cost of seven hundred billion dollars approximately. Medicare program covers perception drugs, inpatient and hospital care, and outpatient and physician care. The cost of healthcare is increasing due to Medicare because of the rise in the aging population which leads to an increase in spending on healthcare spending per capita.

Medicaid program focuses on the people of low wage. Different healthcare programs were established by the previous governments to facilitate the people. Trump has ended those programs as it was based on the high-cost program. Trump administration has developed new programs which are covering a larger lower class population with low healthcare costs. In 2017, 670 billion dollars was the cost that was spent on both the programs. The spending is increasing rapidly which may cause inflation and result in higher costs for healthcare.

Single-Payer and Beyond:

Healthcare system in America is complicated and also expensive for the patient. There is the uneven distribution of the spending on health care where single payer faces more difficulties. Different researches indicate that around twenty-nine percent patient does not seek for healthcare due to the high costs. Around 471 billion dollar billing and the insurance-related cost is collected annually where physicians show their concern that insurance companies emphasize over dictating treatment plan rather than working over the best practices to improve the healthcare. Therefore, the patient who is self-payer faces more difficulties and avoids high spending for the health-related expenses.

Conclusion:

America is a developed country facing problem in the healthcare sector. Healthcare is the sector which has a great impact on every single citizen. America spends a large proportion of his total GDP on healthcare still the result is not satisfactory. The costs of healthcare are increasing rapidly which may cause inflation. The inflation will in result cause more problems for people as well as government. Medicare and Medicaid are the two programs developed by the government. Spending on both the program comes from the federal government. The other area where the government is spending on health care includes employer-based insurance. Through employer-based insurance, billions of people getting benefits. The reason behind the rapid increase in healthcare costs manifests the inefficient outcome from employer-based insurance, the plight of Medicaid, and the government's solvency. However, these problems can be solved through appropriate policies and intervention. Firstly, the government ought not to drastically increase the spending by the government; all they need is to spend with proper strategy. The issue as uneven distribution in employer-based insurance and programs where some people get more benefits than the other should be resolved. Most importantly, healthcare cost should be minimized for the single payer. People who are unable to get benefits from government spending should be able to avail healthcare facilities at a minimum cost. In other words, America does not need to increase healthcare spending; the government needs to improve its implementation and spending structure to prevent the rise in healthcare costs.

References

American Health Care: Health Spending and the Federal Budget. (2018, May 16). Retrieved April 3, 2019, from Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget website: https://www.crfb.org/papers/american-health-care-health-spending-and-federal-budget

Right to Health Care ProCon.org. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2019, from https://healthcare.procon.org/

The U.S. Health Care System: An International Perspective. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2019, from DPEAFLCIO website: https://dpeaflcio.org/programs-publications/issue-fact-sheets/the-u-s-health-care-system-an-international-perspective/

Writer Discretion

Carnival Cruise Line

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Carnival Cruise Line

Introduction:

My workplace is the carnival cruise line. It is the world's most famous Cruise Line. It was founded in 1972. The basic objective of the company is to provide fun vacations at sea and ashore. The company has twenty-six ships that operate three to twenty-four days voyages. The carnival cruise line features entertainment for day and night through dance parties, casinos, deck parties, musical shows and many more. The company provides best services and make their customers most comfortable with excellent management, comfy staterooms, gathering places both outdoor and indoor, decent bars, elegant and casual dining, and quick but attentive service. People from different places contact the company through different sources include official website of the company, accounts on Instagram and Facebook, and from contact through the call ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XjrG9QTq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Line, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Line, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":303,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/M4ZTP3AQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/M4ZTP3AQ"],"itemData":{"id":303,"type":"webpage","title":"About Us","container-title":"Carnival Cruise Line","abstract":"Get to know us! We offer a wide array of quality cruises and pride ourselves on delivering memorable vacations to our guests. Learn about our awards and more.","URL":"https://www.carnival.com/about-carnival/about-us.aspx","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Line","given":"Carnival Cruise"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Line, n.d.). The company expanded its service into different countries including The Bahamas, Hawaii, Europe, Mexico, Far East, and Alaska. Three ships in Australia is currently offering ships to New Zealand and Singapore from Melbourne and Sydney.

Competition:

Carnival Cruise Lines is successfully maintaining its position in the market. It is the leading company in the industry. The company is working in the monopolistic competitive market, therefore cannot change the price for personal benefit. The major competitors of the company include Royal Caribbean Cruises, Celebrity Cruises, and Holland America Line. The competition did not reduce the costs of the service; the main reason behind this is the loyalty of the customers. CCL is the company which is continuously making the records of new customer number. The strengths of the CCL make it largest cruiser service. The strength of the CCL includes its branding, capacity levels, costs in comparison to other vacation's options, activities variety, their efficiency, and frugal nature. All these strengths helped the company to own the ninety-five percent of the market shares. With this much higher number of market shares, there are no such threats can develop for the CCL that they feel need to reduce the costs due to competition ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"I4hTRn0v","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive position,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive position,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":304,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/XLH86KXU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/XLH86KXU"],"itemData":{"id":304,"type":"webpage","title":"Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive position","abstract":"Carnival Cruise Lines is certainly the leader of their industry. They are the industry standard for quality, have massive revenues, and the ...","URL":"https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/assessment-of-carnival-cruise-lines-competitive-position-information-technology-essay.php","language":"en","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive position,” n.d.).

Regulatory pressures:

With the advancement of technology and the introduction of the concept of tourism sustainability, regulatory pressure has been increased over the company. The concept of green building and healthy indoor environment are making the customers well aware of the health and nature concerns. CCL is facing the problem of poor air quality on Ship decks. Also regulatory pressure is coming from the senator's proposal which regulate the rights of the customers like right to full refund, presence of professionals for medications, right to disembark a docked ship, right to get updates over itinerary changes in no time, and also in case of generator failure customer would have right to backup power. Various cruiser companies are opposing the proposal, but CCL have regulatory pressure from the government, and the company has to show favor for the Senator's proposal. Senator's proposal has a strong position that if cruiser industry does not support it, still it will be successful. Therefore regulatory pressure on CCL cannot be decreased without effective strategies to maintain the quality of their service.

Labor Division:

CCL is a diverse organization with excellent labor division. Every company has its uniqueness based on the headquarter location, customer loyalty, and employee diversity. A diverse workforce is one of the strengths of the CCL. The company has almost 82,200 crew members for the ninety-nine ships. Most of the labor work for the company on hourly wages. The most likely salary for the labors is in between $1200 to $1500 per month. Employees on the higher post have an average $2500 monthly salary. Labor is divided into different categories like customer service includes customer service representative, guest service agent, support specialist. Bartender and servers come in food preparation and service. Then there are other crew members and labor within other popular jobs like planner and technician. Labor diversity is one of the reason through which company is promoting and running effectively.

Executive Pay:

The president and CEO of Carnival cruise line is Arnold Donald. Through total compensations, he earns $13,046,075. He made this much money through salary which is $1500000, a bonus of about $4,3777,000, then stocks give him $6,821,713, and lastly $347,362 is earned through other compensation. The total salary with all the bonuses and compensation make annual earning of CEO which is quite high and impressive, which shows the revenue and profit level of the company. The other compensation does not include the amount of pension value and nonqualified postponed payment. The salary of CEO of CCL is quite high than the CEO’s of other cruiser companies. This is because of the high productivity and higher market shares.

Productivity, efficiency, and output:

The productivity of Carnival Cruise Line is impressively high. It can be noticed through its market shares. CCL owns about 95% percent of the shares which make it industry's largest company. The total output or estimated annual revenue of CCL is 878.8 million dollars with approximately eleven thousands employees. High productivity and revenue made the company a leading one in the whole industry. The primary effeciency of the CCL is to provide excellent service to their customers. The increasing number of new customers and high customer loyalty indicate the efficiency of the company. CCL is expanding by increasing the number of ships and exploring a new destination for their customer. It will help to enhance the efficiency and output in the future.

Policies:

The pricing policy of the Carnival Cruise Line is very flexible. Although CCL is enjoying the profit of monopolistic competitive profit in the market, where they cannot increase or decrease the price. CCL policies depend on low pricing. They provide their service with a lower price which help them to gain customer’s loyalty and high demand. The production policy includes the division of labor and working hours, the efficient service, and promotion strategies are included in the production policies. The inventory policies are not much effective in case of CCL. As production through funding is zero. The policies related to new destinations, the advancement of technology are the strength of the company. The policies of the company are cleared and effective that is why making it the world largest cruise company ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"X21luEGL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Haq, n.d.)","plainCitation":"(Haq, n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":307,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/4CNUDXWF"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/4CNUDXWF"],"itemData":{"id":307,"type":"webpage","title":"Does the cruise industry need regulation?","abstract":"In light of recent cruise ship accidents, a New York senator is pushing for a passenger bill of rights to protect US cruise customers in the case of emergency.","URL":"http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130403-does-the-cruise-industry-need-regulation","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Haq","given":"Husna"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Haq, n.d.).

Trends:

Record productivity in 2018 by CCL with capacity growth, advancement in technology, expedition ships, and guest's benefits are the trend of the company. The company recently focused on expanding the business by increasing the number of ships and the labor force. The other trend of the CCL is the growth through branding. The company is investing in the promotion of the brand on media and social media. Social sites are playing an important role in increasing demand. Advertisement and investing in different sports created the multichannel strategy for the company which is favorable. The advancement in technology, for instance, green practice decreasing the regularity pressure and trend of health tourism is promoting.

Information Technology:

Technology is making our lives easier. Lack of efficient technology especially information technology can create a problem for the business. In past issue of internet connectivity was the big concern of the customer, CCL improve its information technology efficiency in no time. Best internet service, improvement in the payment system, i.e. by PayPal or other online banking, development of the new app for the customer company interaction, and online representative are some of the information technology eternities. It is the strength of the CCL to identify the issues of the customers and weakness of the company due to current policies and strategies. Information technology is, therefore, playing a positive role in the production of the Carnival Cruise Line ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"LlZamEMJ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Orwoll, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Orwoll, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":309,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/KUL38D8R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/rVaVAHaF/items/KUL38D8R"],"itemData":{"id":309,"type":"webpage","title":"High-tech cruising: This is the future of cruising","container-title":"Traveller","abstract":"The cruise industry has not been one to snooze when it comes to keeping up with technology - and the biggest winners are passengers.","URL":"http://www.traveller.com.au/best-technological-innovations-on-cruise-ships-hightech-cruising-for-the-21st-century-h0w0s0","shortTitle":"High-tech cruising","language":"en-au","author":[{"family":"Orwoll","given":"Mark"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018",2,14]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,10]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Orwoll, 2018).

Global Experience:

Carnival Cruise Line has an excellent global experience. The company is working for more than one country. It provides tourism and vacation's destination in different countries. Different countries where CCL is working include The Bahamas, Hawaii, Europe, Mexico, Far East, and Alaska. Three ships in Australia is currently offering ships to New Zealand and Singapore from Melbourne and Sydney. The company is focusing on expanding its business in more countries as it has a positive impact on the revenue. Various options for the customers are leading to an increase in the demand for service.

New products:

According to the three year projects Carnival Cruise Line is looking forward to launching more ships. In 2018 Carnival Cruise Line launched second and fourth new cruise ships. Besides strategies for three years projects, CCL is planning for the year 2023. CCL is looking forward to adding eighteen new ships until 2023 to fulfill customer expectation and to increase the demand for cruise vacations. During 2017 CCL had launced three new cruiser ships.

New Business Development:

Carnival Cruise Line is always ready to review their strategies and policies. New business development for Carnival Cruise Line includes the creation of high demand through measured and limited capacity. CCL will continue to measure all possible opportunities to increase the product and services with proper cost structure. The investment will be increased for customer segmentation for decision making about the marketing opportunities.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Assessment of carnival cruise lines competitive position. (n.d.).

Haq, H. (n.d.). Does the cruise industry need regulation? Retrieved March 10, 2019, from http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20130403-does-the-cruise-industry-need-regulation

Line, C. C. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved March 10, 2019, from https://www.carnival.com/about-carnival/about-us.aspx

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