Discussion

Discussion

Denise Johnson

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Discussion

Decision-making is a skill which is considered to be effective in communication and management. There are some techniques including nominal group technique, Delphi technique, and cost-benefit analysis technique that can be used to improve decision making of individuals

Nominal Group Technique

Nominal Group Technique is structured for face-to-face interactions within groups and this contributes to participation of all members, encouraging them to participate ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"xmf6pjYd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McMillan, King, & Tully, 2016)","plainCitation":"(McMillan, King, & Tully, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":470,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/FH3PHGDE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/FH3PHGDE"],"itemData":{"id":470,"type":"article-journal","title":"How to use the nominal group and Delphi techniques","container-title":"International journal of clinical pharmacy","page":"655-662","volume":"38","issue":"3","author":[{"family":"McMillan","given":"Sara S."},{"family":"King","given":"Michelle"},{"family":"Tully","given":"Mary P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McMillan, King, & Tully, 2016). This technique promotes quick agreement of problems and possible solutions. The positive aspect of NGT is that it encourages participation by every individual which enhances the ability of decision making within groups ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XuY0L6Tg","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Mukherjee et al., 2018)","plainCitation":"(Mukherjee et al., 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":476,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/D3FFKJ7R"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/D3FFKJ7R"],"itemData":{"id":476,"type":"article-journal","title":"Comparison of techniques for eliciting views and judgements in decision‐making","container-title":"Methods in ecology and evolution","page":"54-63","volume":"9","issue":"1","author":[{"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Nibedita"},{"family":"Zabala","given":"Aiora"},{"family":"Huge","given":"Jean"},{"family":"Nyumba","given":"Tobias Ochieng"},{"family":"Adem Esmail","given":"Blal"},{"family":"Sutherland","given":"William J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Mukherjee et al., 2018). However, there are chances of conflicts among group members because all ideas cannot be considered equally at once. There are chances of biases towards one specific team member and it lacks flexibility of dealing with multiple problems at a time.

Delphi Technique

Delphi technique is the technique in decision making which is based on the structural interactions of experts on a particular subject ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"tB5JSxM9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Crawford & Wright, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Crawford & Wright, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":467,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/2G57NYQE"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/2G57NYQE"],"itemData":{"id":467,"type":"chapter","title":"Delphi Method","page":"1-6","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"This article lays out the basic structure of the Delphi method, along with common modifications, and recently developed mixed-model forecasting techniques. Delphi offers a basic structure that can be easily adapted to fit a group's needs, with respect to specific judgmental forecasting efforts.","ISBN":"978-1-118-44511-2","note":"DOI: 10.1002/9781118445112.stat07879","author":[{"family":"Crawford","given":"Megan"},{"family":"Wright","given":"George"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",8,5]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Crawford & Wright, 2016). This technique involves two-three rounds of questions and answers to compile one result or decision, while these decisions are made by experts and anonymous resources to have one collective decision. The pros of this method, there are lesser chances of biases in decision making, responses are included in a balanced way and controlled feedback decreases the chances of conflicts ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"FBqnbLH6","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Afshari, 2019)","plainCitation":"(Afshari, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":473,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/9LXQRS99"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/9LXQRS99"],"itemData":{"id":473,"type":"paper-conference","title":"CONSENSUS IN DECISION MAKING BY THE DELPHI TECHNIQUE","source":"ResearchGate","abstract":"The Delphi technique is a widely used and accepted method for gathering data from respondents within their domain of expertise. The technique designed as a group communication process that aims to achieve a convergence of opinion on a specific real-world issue. The Delphi process has used in various fields of study such as program planning needs assessment, policy determination, and resource utilization to develop a full range of alternatives, explore or expose underlying assumptions, as well as correlate judgments on a topic spanning a wide range of disciplines. The Delphi technique is well suited as a method for consensus building by using a series of questionnaires delivered using multiple iterations to collect data from a panel of selected subjects.","author":[{"family":"Afshari","given":"Ali"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",6,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Afshari, 2019). While the cons of this technique, lacking in a set of methodological processes, reliability issues and this limits the participants from expressing their views.

Cost-Benefit Analysis Technique

Cost-benefit analysis is a technique for improving decision making which helps to analyze an individual’s gains and losses, while these may be in terms of money or social sources including relationships. CBT helps to make rational decisions based on knowledge appealing to be in an emotional state and this allows one to set a goal ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"WOYNdRQz","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Pearce, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Pearce, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":477,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/MQQMVEDU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/smYQhi21/items/MQQMVEDU"],"itemData":{"id":477,"type":"book","title":"Cost-benefit analysis","publisher":"Macmillan International Higher Education","ISBN":"1-349-17196-4","author":[{"family":"Pearce","given":"David William"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Pearce, 2016). However, this does not ensure quality decision making, because these may turn into losses due to a lack of accurate data and there are more chances of errors in the decision-making process.

References

ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Afshari, A. (2019, June 21). CONSENSUS IN DECISION MAKING BY THE DELPHI TECHNIQUE.

Crawford, M., & Wright, G. (2016). Delphi Method. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat07879

McMillan, S. S., King, M., & Tully, M. P. (2016). How to use the nominal group and Delphi techniques. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 38(3), 655–662.

Mukherjee, N., Zabala, A., Huge, J., Nyumba, T. O., Adem Esmail, B., & Sutherland, W. J. (2018). Comparison of techniques for eliciting views and judgements in decision‐making. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 54–63.

Pearce, D. W. (2016). Cost-benefit analysis. Macmillan International Higher Education.