Discussion 4
Denise Johnson
Institutional Affiliation(s)
Author Note
Discussion 4
Gender inequality in the workplace
H0: Women status and social policies designed to mitigate gender inequalities in the workplace does not play a significant role
H1: Improvement in social policies and women status has a significant role in mitigating gender inequalities in work places
Dependent Variable: Gender inequality. By gender inequality it is meant that female employees have fewer employment opportunities, they are worse off than their counterparts. It is a dependent variable because gender inequality depends on various other variables and any improvement in the independent variable affects the dependent variable, for example, stricter social policies would minimize gender inequality in employment.
Independent Variables: Independent variables include those variables which affect the dependent variable. Women status and social policies are independent variables. These variables are taken as independent because the overall wellbeing of a female employee is affected by changes in these variables, for example, a policy for equal pay would make women better off
Gender discrimination is a global issue and the severity of the issue varies in different societies and cultures CITATION Bob11 \l 1033 (Bobbit-Zeher, 2011). Inequalities in the workplace are as a result of various factors which are not only constrained inside the workplace rather it is a result of social policies and nature of societies. Gender discrimination is a result of socially constructed behavior and different expectations associated with the roles of women. Deviance from those roles results in women being punished or treated unequally CITATION Bob11 \l 1033 (Bobbit-Zeher, 2011). Women are being neglected of their basic right to education which puts a barrier to their entry in the job market. Those women who excel to get educated later face the challenges of gender discrimination in the job market that is why in the poverty ratio of women is more than that of women especially in developing countries ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a1fbbjaffdd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(WEBSTER, 2006)","plainCitation":"(WEBSTER, 2006)"},"citationItems":[{"id":35,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/WZCAA3YG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/WZCAA3YG"],"itemData":{"id":35,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender Mainstreaming: Its Role in Addressing Gender Inequality in Jamaica","container-title":"Caribbean Quarterly","page":"104-120","volume":"52","issue":"2/3","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[Jamaican society is no different from any other in being subject to the adverse consequences of gender inequality. While the Government of Jamaica, since circa 1990, has undertaken initiatives to address this condition through gender mainstreaming, that thrust is being accelerated through insistence by international funding agencies that Jamaica act in a manner consistent with international trends by implementing public sector projects and programmes that explicitly take gender considerations into account. Moreover the course of action is further bolstered by collaboration with women's NGO's as well as some independent initiatives on the part of the latter. This paper will offer a descriptive treatment of the process to date, including the dynamics of the relationships among the various active stakeholders. There will also be analysis of the effects/implications of the linkages among these players. Flowing from the assessment and analysis, the study offers conclusions on the effectiveness to date of the gender mainstreaming process and speaks to modifications that might enhance its effectiveness. In particular, the presentation will explore the extent to which gender mainstreaming has filtered through to overall society and begun to impact in a real way on the lives of women disadvantaged through long entrenched and subtly (or not so subtly) institutionalised gender discrimination.]","ISSN":"00086495","author":[{"family":"WEBSTER","given":"FAITH"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (WEBSTER, 2006). The case in developing countries is getting even worse when low skilled women are losing their jobs to the autonomy in industrialization and they are getting replaced by efficient machines ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a6beiu0eh5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(WEBSTER, 2006)","plainCitation":"(WEBSTER, 2006)"},"citationItems":[{"id":35,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/WZCAA3YG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/WZCAA3YG"],"itemData":{"id":35,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender Mainstreaming: Its Role in Addressing Gender Inequality in Jamaica","container-title":"Caribbean Quarterly","page":"104-120","volume":"52","issue":"2/3","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[Jamaican society is no different from any other in being subject to the adverse consequences of gender inequality. While the Government of Jamaica, since circa 1990, has undertaken initiatives to address this condition through gender mainstreaming, that thrust is being accelerated through insistence by international funding agencies that Jamaica act in a manner consistent with international trends by implementing public sector projects and programmes that explicitly take gender considerations into account. Moreover the course of action is further bolstered by collaboration with women's NGO's as well as some independent initiatives on the part of the latter. This paper will offer a descriptive treatment of the process to date, including the dynamics of the relationships among the various active stakeholders. There will also be analysis of the effects/implications of the linkages among these players. Flowing from the assessment and analysis, the study offers conclusions on the effectiveness to date of the gender mainstreaming process and speaks to modifications that might enhance its effectiveness. In particular, the presentation will explore the extent to which gender mainstreaming has filtered through to overall society and begun to impact in a real way on the lives of women disadvantaged through long entrenched and subtly (or not so subtly) institutionalised gender discrimination.]","ISSN":"00086495","author":[{"family":"WEBSTER","given":"FAITH"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2006"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (WEBSTER, 2006). Empirical study also reveals that women are unhappier than men because of inequalities and discrimination faced by women in the society and workplace which has a greater impact on their mental and physical health ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2617ta84t5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Tesch-R\\uc0\\u246{}mer, Motel-Klingebiel, & Tomasik, 2008)}","plainCitation":"(Tesch-Römer, Motel-Klingebiel, & Tomasik, 2008)"},"citationItems":[{"id":36,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/H8ZZ9DDJ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/H8ZZ9DDJ"],"itemData":{"id":36,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being: Comparing Societies with Respect to Gender Equality","container-title":"Social Indicators Research","page":"329-349","volume":"85","issue":"2","archive":"JSTOR","abstract":"[These analyses explore the relationship between gender inequality and subjective well-being. The hypothesis was tested as to whether societal gender inequality is related to the size of gender differences in subjective well-being in various societies. Results come from comparative data sets (World Values Survey, involving 57 countries; OASIS project, involving Norway, England, Germany, Spain and Israel). The size of gender differences varied with the extent of societal gender inequality and the cultural attitudes regarding gender equality in different countries. Including individual resources like education and income in the analyses reduced the size of gender and country differences. Gender differences in subjective well-being could therefore be related to gender specific access to goal relevant resources.]","ISSN":"03038300, 15730921","author":[{"family":"Tesch-Römer","given":"Clemens"},{"family":"Motel-Klingebiel","given":"Andreas"},{"family":"Tomasik","given":"Martin J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2008"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Tesch-Römer, Motel-Klingebiel, & Tomasik, 2008). The issue of gender discrimination and inequality has been tackled to some extent by developed countries but the problem still persists on a global level ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"ap389m3q5k","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Roscigno, 2007)","plainCitation":"(Roscigno, 2007)"},"citationItems":[{"id":31,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/2HRZDYVQ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/2HRZDYVQ"],"itemData":{"id":31,"type":"book","title":"The Face of Discrimination: How Race and Gender Impact Work and Home Lives","publisher":"Rowman & Littlefield Publishers","number-of-pages":"257","source":"Google Books","abstract":"Thousands of individuals are discriminated against each year due to their race or sex, even 40 years after the Civil Rights Act. The Face of Discrimination documents the forms, character, and implications of race and sex discrimination at work and in housing, drawing from archived discrimination suits themselves. Going beyond traditional social science research on the topic, this book grounds the reader in the reality of discrimination as it is played out in the actual jobs, neighborhoods, and lives of real people. The systematic approach taken by Roscigno and his team of collaborators, in concert with the qualitative material used throughout, sheds significant light on an important, and contributes specifically to the understanding of employer biases, sexual harassment, structural inequalities in where workers are placed occupationally, why housing segregation persists, and how discrimination in housing and work take a toll on individuals in their daily lives.","ISBN":"978-0-7425-7949-1","note":"Google-Books-ID: AfBuAAAAQBAJ","shortTitle":"The Face of Discrimination","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Roscigno","given":"Vincent J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2007",5,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Roscigno, 2007). The United States, one of the most developed countries in the world is not able to eliminate gender and racial bias from its country. There is a pay difference between white and black people and this is a result of weak social policies which has resulted in white dominance in the job sector. Compared to men and women, overall women get paid less than their counterparts. Gender equality and women empowerment being third on the list of millennium development goals (MDGs), it is has suggested improving women participation in all levels of education which is primary secondary and tertiary. Secondly, women will be given more participation opportunities in politics, more seats for women in parliament. Thirdly, the goal is to increase the share of women in wage employment section mostly nonagricultural sectors in order to uplift the status of women ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"a2o6718jhid","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Kabeer, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Kabeer, 2005)"},"citationItems":[{"id":40,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/WSIP6Q54"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/agqSDhCZ/items/WSIP6Q54"],"itemData":{"id":40,"type":"article-journal","title":"Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1","container-title":"Gender & Development","page":"13-24","volume":"13","issue":"1","source":"DOI.org (Crossref)","DOI":"10.1080/13552070512331332273","ISSN":"1355-2074, 1364-9221","shortTitle":"Gender equality and women's empowerment","journalAbbreviation":"Gender & Development","language":"en","author":[{"family":"Kabeer","given":"Naila"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005",3]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Kabeer, 2005). The root cause of gender discrimination in every sector is poverty which results in dependency of women and male dominance. Improving education, employment, and political participation will also improve the status of gender inequalities faced by women
Based on the research data we will reject the null hypothesis H0: that states that gender inequality in the workplace is not affected by the status of women and social policies which can be negated based on the evidence available. We will accept the alternate hypothesis H1
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY \l 1033 Bobbit-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender Discrimination at Work:Connecting Gender Stereotypes, Institutional Policies, and Gender Composition of Workplace. SAGE, 764-786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211424741
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Kabeer, N. (2005). Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third-millennium development goal 1. Gender & Development, 13(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070512331332273
Roscigno, V. J. (2007). The Face of Discrimination: How Race and Gender Impact Work and Home Lives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Tesch-Römer, C., Motel-Klingebiel, A., & Tomasik, M. J. (2008). Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being: Comparing Societies with Respect to Gender Equality. Social Indicators Research, 85(2), 329–349. Retrieved from JSTOR.
WEBSTER, F. (2006). Gender Mainstreaming: Its Role in Addressing Gender Inequality in Jamaica. Caribbean Quarterly, 52(2/3), 104–120. Retrieved from JSTOR.
