Smoking and Vaping Cigarettes
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Smoking and Vaping Cigarettes
Public health aims at improving and enhancing the well-being of people and the communities. This objective is achieved by creating awareness and promoting healthy lifestyles along with employing the techniques of detecting, preventing, and responding to diseases. Overall, it seeks to protect public health through policies, programs, and recommendations. This research paper seeks to obtain information about one of the major public health issues. To facilitate this project, I chose smoking and vaping cigarettes with its focus on the local context. The rationale for choosing this topic is because it is a very common public health. The smoke of the cigarette is poisonous to human tissues it touches when it enters the human body. In addition, smoking in public extends its harmful impacts beyond the smoker to different environmental, pubic, and social issues. Considering its destructive impacts and increasing ratio of smokers, smoking is becoming a major public health concern that needs to be addressed.
Background and History of Smoking and Vaping
Smoking can be defined as the inhaling and exhaling of smoke from the tobacco of other drugs. Smoking is a method used to smoke different plant-based materials, but smoking is most commonly related to tobacco ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"HGnWn3i4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"webpage","title":"A Brief History of Tobacco in America","container-title":"JSTOR Daily","abstract":"Over the past 50 years, the portion of Americans who smoke dropped has dropped from 42 to 15 percent. The precipitous decline could mean the end of the fasc","URL":"https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-america/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Gershon","given":"Livia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gershon, 2016). Tobacco has nicotine an alkaloid that is addictive in nature, and it holds both tranquilizing psychoactive and exciting properties. Smoking tobacco and plans have a very long history. Various Native American used tobacco for different medical and ceremonial purposes. According to a study from 1718 shares that tobacco has the properties of cleansing the human brain, and it resists poison ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"yNKEaWX9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"webpage","title":"A Brief History of Tobacco in America","container-title":"JSTOR Daily","abstract":"Over the past 50 years, the portion of Americans who smoke dropped has dropped from 42 to 15 percent. The precipitous decline could mean the end of the fasc","URL":"https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-america/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Gershon","given":"Livia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gershon, 2016). It was also used to treat toothaches and to beautify the skin. The early methods of consuming tobacco in America was chewing it by mixing molasses with the leaves.
The act of smoking was introduced to Europe by explorers such as Columbus and Americans began to adopt the cigarettes which were first prevalent in Europe only. In 1881, smoking was turned into a major domestic industry with the introduction of cigarettes rolling machine. As tobacco and cigarettes started to become very common, medical science started to relate it with medical issues and different types of cancers. In 1963, cigarette consumption was at its peak ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"MUzMTMgP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"webpage","title":"A Brief History of Tobacco in America","container-title":"JSTOR Daily","abstract":"Over the past 50 years, the portion of Americans who smoke dropped has dropped from 42 to 15 percent. The precipitous decline could mean the end of the fasc","URL":"https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-america/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Gershon","given":"Livia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gershon, 2016). As an outcome of the highly publicized medical findings, anti-smoking forces started to come out. Americans have started to move towards vaping, seeing it less harm-full as compared to the original cigarettes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"7fvGUzFY","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"webpage","title":"A Brief History of Tobacco in America","container-title":"JSTOR Daily","abstract":"Over the past 50 years, the portion of Americans who smoke dropped has dropped from 42 to 15 percent. The precipitous decline could mean the end of the fasc","URL":"https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-america/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Gershon","given":"Livia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gershon, 2016).
Vaping is the process of huffing and exhaling the vapors created by an electronic cigarette or a device similar to that. Like the simple cigarettes, the e-cigarette generates an inhaled vaporizer of ultrafine elements that transfer the nicotine to the human brain, creating an impact of smoking a cigarette. People use e-cigarette as an alternative to the simple cigarette and considering the fact that it is less harmful as compared to the simple cigarette ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XCvVrPI5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","plainCitation":"(Gershon, 2016)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":697,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/XWU9EUYZ"],"itemData":{"id":697,"type":"webpage","title":"A Brief History of Tobacco in America","container-title":"JSTOR Daily","abstract":"Over the past 50 years, the portion of Americans who smoke dropped has dropped from 42 to 15 percent. The precipitous decline could mean the end of the fasc","URL":"https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-america/","language":"en-US","author":[{"family":"Gershon","given":"Livia"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",6,10]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Gershon, 2016). In addition, it is adopted as a way of cessation of smoking, and it is utilized as a replacement to nicotine. Some other reasons for a smoking e-cigarette are to do smoking in the zones where it is prohibited to do traditional smoking.
Cigarette smoking comes with various medical health issues that have been identified by numerous studies since cigarettes popularized in the US. Smoking cigarettes harms nearly every organ of the human body, and it is highly linked with the unavoidable causes of death. Studies reveal that in the US, it causes more than 480,000 deaths combined with the other causes such as Alcohol use, Motor vehicle injuries, illegal drug use, etc. Smoking causes different types of cancers which become the cause of death ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lBeO8Nmo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDCTobaccoFree, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDCTobaccoFree, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":700,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/NSKEBIBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/NSKEBIBU"],"itemData":{"id":700,"type":"webpage","title":"Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","abstract":"See the data and statistical information on health effects of cigarette smoking.","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"CDCTobaccoFree","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDCTobaccoFree, 2019). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes about 80% of deaths resulting from smoking. The risk of death of smoking has risen in the US from the past 50 years.
Furthermore, smokers are at a higher risk of developing various diseases as compared to non-smokers. For instance, it increases the chance of coronary heart disease by 2 to 4 times, the chance of lung cancer by 25 times and stroke by 2 to 4 times ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oGL1LUGU","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDCTobaccoFree, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDCTobaccoFree, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":700,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/NSKEBIBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/NSKEBIBU"],"itemData":{"id":700,"type":"webpage","title":"Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","abstract":"See the data and statistical information on health effects of cigarette smoking.","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"CDCTobaccoFree","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDCTobaccoFree, 2019). Smoking is also associated with Cardiovascular Disease since smoking damages blood vessels that results in high blood pressure and also forms blood clots. Moreover, studies reveal that smoking causes lung cancer because by damaging the airways in the lungs. Different lung diseases associated with smoking are COPD, and it also worsens the asthma attacks.
Smoking makes a person vulnerable to 14 different types of risks including mouth, liver, larynx, stomach, pancreas and kidney. Other simple health risks associated with smoking include preterm delivery, ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight and orofacial clefts in infants ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XfJIL2Lf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(CDCTobaccoFree, 2019)","plainCitation":"(CDCTobaccoFree, 2019)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":700,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/NSKEBIBU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/NSKEBIBU"],"itemData":{"id":700,"type":"webpage","title":"Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking","container-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","abstract":"See the data and statistical information on health effects of cigarette smoking.","URL":"https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm","language":"en-us","author":[{"family":"CDCTobaccoFree","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",3,4]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (CDCTobaccoFree, 2019). Though e-cigarettes transfer low level of carcinogens and hence it has fewer risks for the smoker but they still expose various health dangers to its consumers owing to the high level of fine particles of toxins. Different similarities have been found in the health effects of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes including the long-term cardiovascular risk which prove that the e-cigarettes impose almost half of the long-term risks as compared to the conventional cigarettes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"seHko3xh","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Glantz & Bareham, 2018)","plainCitation":"(Glantz & Bareham, 2018)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":699,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WH9N8U38"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/WH9N8U38"],"itemData":{"id":699,"type":"article-journal","title":"E-cigarettes: use, effects on smoking, risks, and policy implications","container-title":"Annual review of public health","page":"215-235","volume":"39","author":[{"family":"Glantz","given":"Stanton A."},{"family":"Bareham","given":"David W."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Glantz & Bareham, 2018).
Local Impact
Smoking and vaping have become a common public health issue in Canada. Statistics reveal that most of the conventional smokers have adopted vaping as a way to quit conventional smoking. According to the statistics of Public Health Sudbury & Districts, 25% of the adults nearly 20 years old were smokers according to the survey of 2013/14. The rate of current smokers in Sudbury and districts is higher than that of Ontario overall. The current smokers mean the number of people who smoke at present. This rate has shown no significant variation as compared to the previous survey of 2007/08 (“Adult Current Smokers,” n.d.). This survey also indicates that the rate of current smokers is no different for male and female smokers in Sudbury and districts. This prevalence rate by sex has also not varied from 2007 to 2014. The statistics by age group indicate that the occurrence rate of current smokers was lower for the adults of age 65 and older. Moreover, the individuals belonging to households having less income showed a significantly high rate of current smokers as compared to other income quintiles. Considering the factor of education, statistics indicate that the university degree holders showed a relatively low rate of current smokers as compared to another level of education.
Statistics expose no significant change in the rate of current smokers from the year 2007 to 2014 with respect to the factors of age, education, and sex. There is no specific rise or fall in the rate of current smokers. The good news is that there is no increase in the average number of smokers. While the sad news is, despite some preventive measures and raising awareness of health issues associated with smoking, the average number of current smokers has shown no decline in Sudbury and districts. If the statistics of non-smokers in Sudbury and districts are analyzed, it is noteworthy to mention that 76% of youth has never smoked a cigarette in their whole life. The survey also discloses no difference between males and females in terms of the prevalence rate of non-smoker youth. Overall no significant difference was found in the prevalence rate of non-smoker youth concerning education, and household income.
Smoking not only impacts the individual, but the environment is also exposed to tobacco smoke resulting in passive smoking of non-smokers. The same survey discloses the fact that almost 4% of the population of age 12 years are exposed to tobacco smoke ("Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home,” n.d.). However, this rate has shown a decline from 2007 to 2014. The district was also rated as poor in terms of health in the year 2015 due to the high prevalence of smoking and diseases like diabetes, asthma, and cancer. Overall, the statistics of Ontario show an increasing ratio of smokers in 2017 as compared to 2015. Nevertheless, the smoking prevalence rate of Ontario is below the national rate, and the average daily consumption is also reduced.
The e-cigarette has also gained popularity in Sudbury as an alternative to the conventional cigarette. Since e-cigarettes can also be consumed in the non-smoking zones, and smokers are even happy consuming e-cigarettes. According to these statistics about the ratio of smokers in Sudbury, no significant progress has been observed resulting from the laws to control smoking and vaping. In this regard, laws and regulations have been made by the policymakers to control the ratio of current smokers and prevent the trade of related products. The Smoke-Free Ontario Act, 2017 (SFOA, 2017) bans smoking of tobacco, cannabis, and e-cigarettes in public and workplaces. Individuals breaking these laws are subjected to heavy penalties. With regard to vaping, the Electronic Cigarettes Act prohibits the exhibition, advertisement, and sale of electronic cigarette products to youngsters, aged lower than 19 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XSPE6rEo","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 7, Sched. 3,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 7, Sched. 3,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":709,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/S76N26M8"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/S76N26M8"],"itemData":{"id":709,"type":"webpage","title":"Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 7, Sched. 3","URL":"https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/15e07","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 7, Sched. 3,” n.d.).
Overall, the nationwide statistics about vaping cigarettes found that youth vaping has increased for about 74%, exposed in a study available in the British Medical Journal. This study shows the latest statistics as it was once conducted in 2017 and later in 2018. The comparison of two years shows an increase in smoking among the youth aged 16-19 years. Owing to these facts and figures, the Canadian Cancer Society (CCS) is seeking national regulations to address the issue of the rising rate of youth vaping in Canada.
Public Health Efforts, Then and Now
Public health is a powerful resource to promote change and increase health opportunities for the people of a community. Previous events have demonstrated how public health concerns are raised, and public health organizations take steps to protect the public health of the whole community. Different community and public health organizations are playing their part in reducing the abuse of tobacco consumption and smoking, along with the various other health concerns in Sudbury. Studies reveal that public health organizations and measures can reduce the rate of smoking prevalence and eventually, several deaths as a result of smoking ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"zHlKOdLx","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Lewis, Arnott, Godfrey, & Britton, 2005)","plainCitation":"(Lewis, Arnott, Godfrey, & Britton, 2005)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":713,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/DUBUKIIB"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/DUBUKIIB"],"itemData":{"id":713,"type":"article-journal","title":"Public health measures to reduce smoking prevalence in the UK: how many lives could be saved?","container-title":"Tobacco control","page":"251-254","volume":"14","issue":"4","author":[{"family":"Lewis","given":"S."},{"family":"Arnott","given":"D."},{"family":"Godfrey","given":"C."},{"family":"Britton","given":"J."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2005"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Lewis, Arnott, Godfrey, & Britton, 2005).
Looking at the public health system of Ontario, 36 non-profit public health units are working to deliver standardized public health services for maintenance of public health law. These health units work in collaboration with provincial ministries and agencies. Sudbury & District Health Unit (SDHU) is the local arm of the Ontario public health system. A snapshot of programs done by Sudbury & District Board of Health demonstrates a wide range of services done by SDHU to guard the health of its communities. These services range from Recreational Water and Safe Water, Drinking Water, Health Hazards, Control of Infectious Diseases, Sexual Health Program, and especially Smoke-Free Ontario Act Enforcement, and much more. For the sake of tobacco and smoking control, the SDHU conducted 26 youth access inspections, three high school inspections, 13 display, and advertising checks, one charge on smoking in the school area and two sales charges. In order to increase prevention of tobacco consumption, SDHU delivered four presentations on smoking cessation. It continues efforts to support and promote a smoke-free living throughout the district of Sudbury.
The statistics shared in the previous section demonstrates not a major change and improvement in the rate of current smokers. This is maybe due to the fact that youth is increasing and despite these initiatives, no significant change was observed according to the survey of 2014 in Sudbury and districts. Public health organizations are providing support and services to assist youth in quitting smoking. Such steps include tobacco examination and enforcement, and helping in the development of smoke-free policies. Public Health Sudbury & Districts have likewise initiated a program in collaboration with Shkagamik-Kwe Health Centre, named as "This Is My Tobacco." The program aims at enlightening community and youth about the conventional uses of sacred tobacco ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pInkibvl","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Public Health Sudbury & Districts\\uc0\\u226{}\\uc0\\u128{}\\uc0\\u148{}Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Public Health Sudbury & DistrictsâTobacco & Electronic Cigarettes,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":711,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6MAA8UM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6MAA8UM6"],"itemData":{"id":711,"type":"webpage","title":"Public Health Sudbury & Districts - Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes","URL":"https://www.phsd.ca/health-topics-programs/tobacco","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Public Health Sudbury & Districts-Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes,” n.d.). Such an initiative can help people making better decisions about the use of sacred tobacco.
Public health organizations also pay an immense role in the enforcement of laws and regulations. Public Health Sudbury & Districts made a significant contribution to the implementation of the Electronic Cigarettes Act and the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. In addition, the organization is responsible for preventing the sale of tobacco to minors and ensures that legislation regarding tobacco and smoking is followed. It helps individuals, employers, and workplaces in creating smoke-free policies and laws by providing them comprehensive guidance ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"GC8xRI6Z","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(\\uc0\\u8220{}Public Health Sudbury & Districts\\uc0\\u226{}\\uc0\\u128{}\\uc0\\u148{}Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes,\\uc0\\u8221{} n.d.)","plainCitation":"(“Public Health Sudbury & DistrictsâTobacco & Electronic Cigarettes,” n.d.)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":711,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6MAA8UM6"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/local/orkqtrjP/items/6MAA8UM6"],"itemData":{"id":711,"type":"webpage","title":"Public Health Sudbury & Districts - Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes","URL":"https://www.phsd.ca/health-topics-programs/tobacco","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2019",7,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (“Public Health Sudbury & Districts-Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes,” n.d.). Moreover, a wide range of services is provided to the smokers, which help them to reduce the tendency and ratio of smoking. For instance, quit smoking clinic has highly trained professionals that help people in quitting smoking. They create an assessment and based on that, offer a personal quit smoking plan along with the therapies such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to the smokers in Sudbury.
On the provincial level Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care has initiated various programs each intending to reduce smoking prevalence and create a smoke-free Ontario. These programs comprise Pharmacy Smoking Cessation Program, Smoke-Free Ontario programs, and Act to help Ontarians. Ontario has achieved various milestones in reducing the rate of smoking from 2000 to 2016. These milestones included Smoke-Free Ontario Act (SFOA) in 2006, banned the sale of flavored cigarettes in 2010, Electronic Cigarettes Act (ECA) in 2015, banned the sale of menthol and 100 percent smoke-free hospitals in 2018.
Conclusion
To sum up the discussion, Public and community health organizations play a significant role in promoting public health initiatives and programs. Smoking and Vaping is a major public health issue that has deadly impacts on the community if remained unresolved. This research paper has shared findings on the statistics of current smokers (conventional and e-cigarette smokers) on both district and provincial level. The study also deliberated various initiatives and public health programs on both levels. On the provincial level, significant progress has been observed in the past 16 years, but the district level requires the latest study to examine the results of programs initiated by SDHU. Strict implementation of Electronic Cigarettes Act and Smoke-Free Ontario Act is needed to reduce smoking and vaping. Public health organizations must join hands with the government organizations and private agencies to re-enforce the programs to create a smoke-free Ontario and eventually smoke-free Canada.
References
Adult Current Smokers. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2019, from Public Health Sudbury & Districts website: https://www.phsd.ca/resources/research-statistics/health-statistics/public-health-sudbury-districts-population-health-profile/health-behaviours/smoking-2/adult-current-smokers
ADDIN ZOTERO_BIBL {"uncited":[],"omitted":[],"custom":[]} CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY CDCTobaccoFree. (2019, March 4). Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Retrieved July 21, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm
Electronic Cigarettes Act, 2015, S.O. 2015, c. 7, Sched. 3. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2019, from https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/15e07
Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Retrieved July 21, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2019, from Public Health Sudbury & Districts website: https://www.phsd.ca/resources/research-statistics/health-statistics/public-health-sudbury-districts-population-health-profile/health-behaviours/smoking-2/exposure-to-environmental-tobacco-smoke-at-home
Gershon, L. (2016, June 10). A Brief History of Tobacco in America. Retrieved July 21, 2019, from JSTOR Daily website: https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-tobacco-in-america/
Glantz, S. A., & Bareham, D. W. (2018). E-cigarettes: Use, effects on smoking, risks, and policy implications. Annual Review of Public Health, 39, 215–235.
Lewis, S., Arnott, D., Godfrey, C., & Britton, J. (2005). Public health measures to reduce smoking prevalence in the UK: how many lives could be saved? Tobacco Control, 14(4), 251–254.
Public Health Sudbury & Districts-Tobacco & Electronic Cigarettes. (n.d.). Retrieved July 21, 2019, from https://www.phsd.ca/health-topics-programs/tobacco