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Annotated Bibliography And Research Outline

Annotated Bibliography And Research Outline

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Adaptations in Diving Marine Animals: Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, and Penguins

[Name of the Writer]

[Name of the Institution]

Adaptations in Diving Marine Animals: Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, and Penguins

Developing hypothesis

Both deficiency of oxygen and increase in levels of carbon dioxide in the blood stream and tissues might be involved in regulating breath-holding phenomenon and resistance to asphyxia as aadaptation measures in diving marine animals

Observations

Diving marine animals share cardiopulmonary physiology with that of terestial mammals

Capability to hold breath, reduced metabolism, production of energy through anaerobic means and resistance to asphyxiation

Sharp contrast with the land dwelling mammals along with humans

Identifying the model organism

Model taxon; monophyletic group of species

Phylogenetic associations identified by differences among homology and analogy

Literature review

Developments that contribute to breath holding and resistance against asphyxia

Physiological developments and survival mechanisms

Generalizations about diving manners

Comparative analysis

Human response and survival cababilities under extreme environmental circumstances

Physiological ecology along with human physiology

Comparison among diving and non-diving animals

Experimental studies

Insertion of respirometer tube in the mouth of the organisms

Implanting canula for collecting blood samples

Remote sensing devices

Data callibration and result compilation

Blood pressure calculation

Hemoglobin level analysis

Heart rate determination

Breathing rate calculation

Anerobic muscle activity

Oxygen debt calculation

Drawing conclusions

Based on the results of different experimental studies

Agreement or disagreement with the proposed hypothesis.

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