Reviewing The Concepts 3.1-3.3

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Reviewing the Concepts 3.1-3.3

Chapter 8

Central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord while peripheral nervous system consists of nerves and ganglia.

Shock absorption, support and nourishment and waste removal.

Neuroglial cells, nerve cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons are gray matter that increases surface area of cortex.

White matter is myelinated axon that increase rate of conduction.

Sensory, motor and association area

Primary somatosensory area receives sensation from different parts of the body and primary motor area send messages to skeletal muscles.

Homeostasis, control of blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, breathing

Smooth, well-timed voluntary movements

The limbic system 

Function as filter and regulate wakefulness 

Message Transmission and Reflex Center

Due to reflex action.

Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System

Fight or flight and rest and digest

Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and constricts blood vessels.

Chapter 9

Continuous stimulation makes sensory receptors not responding. You do not notice water temperature after some time.

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors , photoreceptors, chemoreceptors and pain receptors. The general senses: Touch, Pressure, and Vibration, special senses: temperature, light and chemical.

Something has touched us.

Protection and act as window.

Second part of eye help

With the help of rods and cons.

By vibration. Pitch is determined by frequency and loudness by amplitude of sound waves.

Transfers these vibrations to the middle ear.

Because the eardrum is larger than the oval window

Eardrum can be ruptured. Auditory tube can open.

It separates two liquid-filled tubes

Chapter 10

These cells have receptors.

Lipid soluble hormones travel through the blood and water soluble bind on the surface of the target cell.

Positive feedback mechanisms reinforce and negative reverse changes in controlled condition.

No major size differcne and hypothalamus regulates the function of the pituitary gland.

Growth hormone (GH); help in growth, prolactin (PRL): help in lactation, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); stimulate follicle growth, luteinizing hormone (LH); causes ovulation, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); regulate cortisol, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increase / decrease thyroid

Oxytocin; Stimulates milk ejection from the breasts and uterine contractions during childbirth, anti-diuretic hormone; promotes water reabsorption by the kidneys.

TH regulates the body’s metabolic rate and production of heat

It inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, decrease the resorption of calcium in the kidneys.

Glucocorticoids; affects the metabolism of fats and proteins. Mineralocorticoids; promote sodium reabsorption , and gonadocorticoids ; increases blood glucose levels.

Prepares bodies to stay and fight, epinephrine

Insulin; control blood glucose,somatostatin: inhibits the secretion of pancreatic hormone, gastrin; stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) , and glucagon; convert stored glycogen into glucose.

Diabetes insipidus causes kidney failure, and diabetes mellitus causes high bold glucose.