Disease Or Disorder Affecting The Reproductive System

Disease or Disorder affecting the Reproductive System

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Forum Question: 300 words response

Large and important changes occur in the human body during puberty and they manifest themselves in changes in appearance, well-being and mood, as well as in the intensity of development and formation of organs of the reproductive system. Around 8 episodes of Grey’s Anatomy were coded for various nonverbal behavior of doctors towards their patients. The practice of the "Kangaroo" method is based on the following principles: position of the child (the child without clothes is located vertically on the mother’s breast), food (completely or mainly breastfeeding)and discharge time (early discharge from hospital)

The male genital organs include the following anatomical elements: internal - the testicles (male genital glands), their ducts, accessory genital glands and external - scrotum and penis (penis). The testicles (testes, or testos) are two rounded glands in which spermatozoa are produced and male sex hormones are synthesized (androgen and testosterone).

The testicles are located in the scrotum, which performs a protective function. The male sexual organ (penis) is located in the lower part of the pubic lobe. Formed by spongy tissue, which is supplied with blood of two large arteries and has the ability to fill with blood when excited, to increase the penis in size, changing the angle of inclination (erection). The penis has a body and a head covered with a fold of skin and mucous membrane, called "foreskin." The urethra, or urethra, is a thin tube that connects to the bladder and the spermatic duct. Through it, urine and semen are brought out. The seminiferous ducts are two thin tubes through which spermatozoa fall from the testicle into the seminal vesicles, where they accumulate and mature. The prostate gland, or prostate gland, is a muscular organ in which white fluid is produced, which, mixed with sperm, forms sperm. With contraction of the muscles of the prostate, semen is pushed out through the urethra. This is called ejaculation. (Sweeney, Hasan, Soto& Sonnenschein, 2015)

Female genital organs include the following anatomical elements: internal - ovaries, uterine or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina - and external - small and large labia, clitoris, hymen (maiden). The ovaries are two glands resembling a large bean in shape and size. They are located on both sides of the uterus in the lower abdomen of the woman. In the ovaries, female sex cells develop - the eggs - and female sex hormones are synthesized - estrogens. The ovum matures in a small vesicle of the ovary for 24-30 days, after which the vesicle breaks, and the egg exits into the fallopian tubes. This is called ovulation. (Hoffmann, 2018).

Uterine (fallopian) tubes connect the uterine cavity with the ovaries. In the fallopian tubes, the egg is fertilized by the sperm cell. The uterus is an abdominal muscular organ resembling a pear lined from the inside by mucous membranes. The uterus has three openings: two lateral, connecting it with the fallopian tubes, and the lower, connecting it through the neck to the vagina. When the fertilized egg enters the uterus, it sinks into the mucous membrane, attaching to the wall of the uterus. Here the germ develops, and later the fetus. An unfertilized egg leaves the woman’s body along with parts of the uterine lining and a small amount of blood. This is called menstruation.

The lower part of the uterus is called the cervix. The cervix and the vagina in pregnant women form a birth canal through which the fetus leaves the uterus at birth. The labia minora (vulva) are skin folds that cover the external entrance of the vagina and urethra. Here is the clitoris, which is a lot of nerve receptors, which is important for erection (sexual arousal). From the sides of the small lips are large labia. In girls who have not had sexual contact (coitus), the external entrance to the vagina is closed by a thin connective tissue membrane, which is called the hymen, or the girl's chaff.

Disorder of reproductive system: Endometriosis is a disease in which endometrial tissue (uterine lining) grows beyond its normal localization. It is one of the main causes of infertility and miscarriage. Endometriosis is a benign proliferation of the glandular tissue of the uterus (endometrium) outside the uterus itself: in the ovaries, in the fallopian tubes, in the thickness of the uterus, in the bladder, on the peritoneum, in the rectum and even in other, more distant organs, even in the kidneys and lungs. (Assi, Noor,Haron, & Rajion, 2017). At the same time, endometrial fragments brought to other organs change in the same way as the endometrium in the uterus, that is, menstruate, which is accompanied by pain and bloody discharge. Endometriosis can cause ovarian cysts and infertility.

References

Assi, M. A., Noor, M. H. M., Haron, A. W., Yusoff, M. S. M., & Rajion, M. A. (2017). Male Reproductive System. Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 3(1).

Hoffmann, K. H. (2018). Oogenesis and the female reproductive system. In Insect reproduction (pp. 1-32). CRC Press.

Sweeney, M. F., Hasan, N., Soto, A. M., & Sonnenschein, C. (2015). Environmental endocrine disruptors: effects on the human male reproductive system. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 16(4), 341-357.

Classmate 1 response: 200 words

Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer among women, and although it usually affects women over the age of 45, there is a risk in young girls. Indications for hysterectomy are: tumor diseases of the uterus, such as uterine fibroids in the case of large nodes or their rapid growth, compression of adjacent organs, the presence of uterine bleeding caused by myoma. Also, a hysterectomy is performed. Women taking a contraceptive pill do not ovulate every month, so their ovaries are less often damaged, and the risk of developing cancer cells is likely to be lower. If you are undergoing an operation, you may have bilateral salpingo-phoreectomy, or complete abdominal hysterectomy. The first is the removal of both ovaries together with the fallopian tubes, while the last is the removal of the uterus, which will not allow you to have children in a natural way. (Hoffmann, 2018).

Subtotal hysterectomy is performed in diseases such as uterine fibroids in women under 50 years old, when the pelvic organs are omitted when performing sacrocervicopexy, and in benign ovarian tumors. This type of operation allows you to save the cervix, which has a beneficial effect on the postoperative period, allowing the patient to have a full sex life. But there remains the risk of developing cervical cancer.

References

Assi, M. A., Noor, M. H. M., Haron, A. W., Yusoff, M. S. M., & Rajion, M. A. (2017). Male Reproductive System. Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 3(1).

Hoffmann, K. H. (2018). Oogenesis and the female reproductive system. In Insect reproduction (pp. 1-32). CRC Press.

Sweeney, M. F., Hasan, N., Soto, A. M., & Sonnenschein, C. (2015). Environmental endocrine disruptors: effects on the human male reproductive system. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 16(4), 341-357.

Classmate 2 response: 200 words

The most common symptoms of endometriosis are menstrual pain and abdominal pain. They are present in about 70% of all endometriosis patients. The "vagueness" of symptoms and their prevalence in healthy women would explain the long delay in diagnosing endometriosis patients. ( Sweeney, Hasan, Soto& Sonnenschein, 2015).However, the onset of endometriosis pain is characterized by the onset of pain even before actual leakage. Inflammatory diseases lead to impaired reproductive and sexual functions, as well as adversely affect the nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine systems of the body. Mycoplasma infections do not cause disease in all, as the leading role belongs to immunodeficiencies. Problem nutrition, poor ecology, sedentary and stressful lifestyles and other causes negatively affect our immune system, which weakens, and it becomes difficult to resist various infectious agents. (Assi, Noor,Haron, & Rajion, 2017).

Inflammatory diseases without timely treatment can cause:

ectopic pregnancy;

adhesions in the pelvis;

chronic pelvic pain;

pain during sexual life (dyspareunia);

ovarian dysfunction;

infertility;

habitual miscarriage (abortion).

Very often, only acute inflammatory diseases have severe symptoms, but chronic inflammations can occur without a clearly defined clinic. Most women do not attach much importance to a slight itching, burning, or discharge. They self-medicate or completely ignore the disease, which in the meantime becomes chronic. And any chronic process is already considered a serious threat to women's health, resulting in infertility, ectopic pregnancies, pelvic pain, and suffering for women.

References

Assi, M. A., Noor, M. H. M., Haron, A. W., Yusoff, M. S. M., & Rajion, M. A. (2017). Male Reproductive System. Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 3(1).

Hoffmann, K. H. (2018). Oogenesis and the female reproductive system. In Insect reproduction (pp. 1-32). CRC Press.

Sweeney, M. F., Hasan, N., Soto, A. M., & Sonnenschein, C. (2015). Environmental endocrine disruptors: effects on the human male reproductive system. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 16(4), 341-357.